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Zak, Epidemiology > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

0
Q

Why are they called cross-sectional studies?

A

Because the information gathered represents what is occurring at one point in time or time-frame

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1
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Observational, descriptive studies that examine relationships of health/disease to other variables of interest at the same time (prevalence study)

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2
Q

Does a cross-sectional study show association or causation?

A

Causation

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3
Q

T/F: Most cross-sectional studies are “surveys” of US poplulation from different perspectives.

A

True

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4
Q

What are advantages of a cross-sectional study?

A

Quick and easy

Almost always exempt from IRB review

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5
Q

What are cross-sectional studies useful for?

A

Determining prevalence of disease and risk factors
Determining frequency for a defined population
Measuring current health status and planning for health services for large population
Evaluating differences in sub-groups within populations (at a given time)

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6
Q

What are disadvantages of cross-sectional studies?

A

Prevalent cases may represent survivors
Difficult to study diseases of low frequency
Problems in determining temporal relationship of a presumed cause and effect

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7
Q

What are the 2 approaches to cross-sectional studies?

A

Collect data on each member of the population

Take a sample of the population and draw inferences to the remainder

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling schemes?

A

Probability and non-probability samples

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9
Q

What are the 4 probability samples?

A

Every element in population has non-zero probability of being included in sample (used for most cross-sectional studies)
Simple random samples
Systematic samples
Stratified samples

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10
Q

What is a simple random sample?

A

Put al lnames in a box and draw out samples needed

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11
Q

What is systematic samples?

A

Not completely random
Decide what fraction of population is to be sampled
EX: Last name “m-z”

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12
Q

What are stratified samples?

A

Mutually exclusive and exhaustive strata—age or socioeconomic groups
Divide population into relevant subgroups

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13
Q

What are non-probability samples?

A

Based on sampling plan that does not have a non-zero probability
(not good for cross-sectional studies because reliability of results cannot be evaluated)

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14
Q

What are the two major approaches to collection of new information?

A

Questionnaires/surveys

Physical assessments

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15
Q

What is NHANES?

A

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Assesses health and nutrition of children and adults

16
Q

What is NHIS?

A

National Health Interview Survey
Source of information on health of civilian, non-institutionalized population
Contains core questions that remain largely unchanged

17
Q

What is NAMCS?

A

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Designed to meet the need for objective, reliable information about the provision and use of ambulatory medical care
Based on sample of visits to non-federal, office-based physicians in direct patient care

18
Q

What is NHAMCS?

A

National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Designed to collect data on utilization and provision of ambulatory care services in ER and outpatient departments
Based on visits to ER/outpatient departments of general hospitals

19
Q

What is BRFSS?

A

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
State-based phone surveys collecting information on health risk behaviors, preventative health practices, & health care access primarily related to chronic disease injury

20
Q

What are ecological studies?

A

Observational, descriptive studies that examine relationships of health or disease to other variable of interest in which population groups are the unit of study (rather than individuals)

21
Q

What is the aim of an ecological study?

A

Identifying and explaining association between groups and their environments

22
Q

T/F: Ecological studies inform researchers about the forces which act on whole populations, which may be in conflict with those that act on individuals

A

True

23
Q

What are ecological studies assessing the correlation between?

A

Exposure and disease rates among different populations

24
Q

What should be done when one or more measures used involves rates-by-age?

A

Those rates should be age-adjusted

25
Q

What are the 3 common fallacies of ecological studies?

A

Ecological fallacy, Atomistic fallacy, & Homogeneity fallacy

26
Q

What is the ecological fallacy?

A

Association found with aggregate data may not apply to individuals

27
Q

What is the atomistic fallacy?

A

Studies of individuals are prone to the opposite of the ecological fallacy

28
Q

What is the homogeneity fallacy?

A

Misrepresentation of population data from heterogeneous populations

Zak, Epidemiology (16 decks)

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