Lectures 18 & 19 Flashcards
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: an?
a, an
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: the?
[ðǝ], [ði]
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: knife?
knife, knive-
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: in-?
[ɪr], [ɪl], [ɪn], [ɪm], [ɪŋ] …
What are allomorphs of the following morpheme: house?
haʊs] [haʊz]
what type of system is morphology?
a Discrete Combinatorial System
what are the parts of morphology?
morphemes
what are the rules of morphology?
systematically build larger, complex parts
what type of structure does morphology have?
Hierarchical structure.
what are the basic parts of syntax?
morphemes and words
what are the complex parts of syntax?
phrases and sentences
what are the rules of syntax?
systematically build larger, complex parts
what is the structure of syntax?
Hierarchical structure
what are examples of prescriptive rules?
- Don’t end a sentence with a preposition!
- Don’t split infinitives!
the extent to which a sentence conforms to the rules of a language’s grammar
Grammaticality
Syntax deals primarily with ________
words
Words are grouped into _________.
phrases
a group of words that functions as a
unit in syntax
phrase
what are Noun Phrases?
a group of words functioning as a single noun, often including a noun and its modifiers like adjectives or articles; ex: [The big cat] is making a mess.
True or False: Phrases can be any size
TRUE
examples of Morphological heads: N+Adj
jet-black
examples of Morphological heads: V+N
rattlesnake
examples of Morphological heads: Adj+N
highschool
examples of Morphological heads: P+N
outhouse
examples of Morphological heads: P+Adj
overripe
examples of Morphological heads: P+V
overthrow
They are all based on a single word that defines what
the phrase is “about”. What is this word called?
HEAD of phrases
The __________ determines the properties of a phrase
head
True of False: All lexical categories can be heads of phrases
TRUE
Trees have _________ based on words that belong closely together
subtrees
The (main) subtrees form
____________
constituents
are other primates
able to learn this structure trees for syntax?
NO
what are the constituency tests that are used to identify constituents?
- Replacement (by proforms)
- Replacement (by question words)
- Stand alone
- Move as a unit
- Coordination
What are constituents?
a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a sentence’s structure, often forming phrases like noun phrases or verb phrases
Constituents can often be replaced by a single element
(of the right type)
replacement (proforms)
In replacement test: NPs can be replaced by ____________.
pronouns
” The cat in the hat likes cookies. “ –> “he likes cookies”. what is the constituent that was replaced?
“the cat in the hat”
“That cat made a terrible mess!” –> “This cat did so too”. what is the verb phrase(VP) that was replaced?
“made a mess” is a VP
a word or expression that substitutes for another word, phrase, clause, or even an entire sentence, whose meaning is recoverable from the context; ex: pronouns (“he,” “she,” “it”) or proverbs (“do” or “do so”).
proforms
“the cat sat on the mat” –> “the cat sat there”. what is the PP that was replaced?
“on the mat” is a PP
“we ate at noon “ –> “we ate then”. what is the PP that was replaced?
at noon
what is a PP?
prepositional phrase, is a phrase headed by a preposition, typically followed by a noun phrase, and functions as an adjective or adverb, providing information about place, time, manner, or other aspects of the sentence
what is a VP?
Verb Phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit consisting of a verb and its arguments, excluding the subject of an independent or coordinate clause
what is a NP?
Noun Phrase, a phrase that functions as a noun and typically includes a noun or pronoun as its head, along with optional modifiers like determiners and adjectives.
Constituents can often be replaced by a wh-word (of the right type)
Replacement (wh-words)
“The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon.” –> “Who performed an experiment in the lab at noon?” What type of phrase was replaced by “who”?
NP (noun phrase)
“The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon.” –> “What did the girl perform in the lab at
noon?”. What type of phrase was replaced by “what”?
NP (noun phrase)
“The girl performed an experiment in the lab
at noon.” –> “What did the girl do?” What type of phrase was replaced by “what…do”?
VP (verb phrase)
true or false: NPs can be replaced by pronouns
TRUE
true or false: VPs do not have proforms
FALSE; VPs have proforms
true or false: Some PPs can be replaced by there
True
true or false: Some PPs can be replaced by then
True
true or false: NPs can be replaced by what or who
TRUE
true or false: VPs can be replaced by what … do
TRUE
true or false: PPs can often be replaced by when or where
TRUE
can a constituent stand alone?
YES
true or false: You can replace a constituent X with another
constituent X and X
TRUE; ex: The student ate
[the pizza] and [the egg rolls]. –> The student [ate the pizza] and [left the
egg roles]
Constituents can be moved within a sentence
move as a unit
what are two types of moving as a unit?
clefting, and topicalization.
What is clefting?
a sentence structure that emphasizes a specific part of a sentence by splitting it into two clauses, typically using “it is/was” or “what”.
what is topicalization?
the process of emphasizing or highlighting a particular sentence element (like a noun phrase) by placing it at the beginning of the sentence, effectively making it the topic or focus.
