Lecture 14 & 15 Flashcards
corresponds to the frequency of the sound-wave
Pitch
Higher frequency sounds are perceived as…..
higher pitch
How does frequency/pitch vary?
varied by varying the tension of
the vocal folds and the amount of air passing through.
n tone languages, _________ is contrastive with respect
to word meaning
pitch
is variation in pitch over an utterance
that is not related to word meaning
Intonation
Do tone languages use intonation?
YES; ones vary
relative to the overall pitch contour
A long sound is marked in the IPA with ….
ː
_________ can also be long or short
Consonants
Does English have contrastive length?
Although vowel phonemes differ with respect to length, this is a secondary feature.
__________ corresponds (somewhat non-linearly) to amplitude
Loudness
what are non-linguistic uses of loudness?
- emotion
- long-distance communication
what is the main linguistic use of loudness?
signaling stress
is a means of marking prominence
stress
A feature of the syllable, not a particular phoneme
stress
Stress is marked in the IPA using….
[ˈ] ex. /ˈtɛləgraf/ for telegraph
How is stress is signaled vary between languages?
involves an interaction of:
* pitch
* loudness
* length
* vowel quality
A word that is stressed on one syllable in one
language may be heard as _________________ in another
stressed on another
syllable
From thoughts to sound waves to thoughts…
Linguistic Communication
how does a hearer reconstruct the
linguistic form from the sound waves?
Structure
Describe the nature of grammar systems
Each part of grammar is a
discrete combinatorial system:
* discrete: well-defined parts
* combinatorial: rules for putting the parts together
what do we wanna understand from grammar systems?
For each system, we want to understand
* what the parts are and
* how they can be combined
In phonology the basic parts are called…..
phonemes
The basic parts of morphology are called…..
morphemes
When put together in the right way, phonemes form…
syllables
syllables combine to form…
morphemes
When morphemes are put together in the right way, they form…
words
what generally determines what type of morphemes can be put together and what type of word you end up with?
RULES
why can’t you rely on spaces to define what a word is?
Spaces only occur in writing — not all languages are written
what is a useful rule of thumb when it comes to language?
If something is only relevant to writing, it’s not really a feature of the language
What is a Word?
Words are freer than other units in language
* They can occur in isolation
* Not based on writing!
* Not a single chunk of meaning either.
are the smallest free forms,
i.e., the smallest forms that can occur in isolation
Words
are the smallest meaningful units
that words are built from
Morphemes
They are the parts that contribute a constant meaning in different morphological environments
Morphemes
________ have meaning
morphemes
_________ do not have meaning
Phonemes
_________ morphemes can form a word on their own
Free
what are examples of free morphemes?
nouns, verbs, adjectives (bat, run, tall)
* typically rich meaning
* open class (easy to add new ones)
__________ morphemes need to combine
with other morphemes to yield a word
bound
what are examples of bound morphemes?
-er, -s
* (typically) more abstract meaning
* closed class (hard to add new ones)
WHat is the common structure of complex words?
root + affix
free morpheme (typically in English)
* “core” of the word (semantically and structurally)
Root
bound morpheme
* operates on the root’s meaning
Affix
what is the root and affix in the word “singer”
root = sing
affix = er
are mostly free in English (dog, write),
but can be bound too
roots
typically have a lexical category (“part of speech”)
roots
often describe actions!
nouns
often don’t describe actions!
verbs
What is a distributional test for nouns
syntactic frame
What is a distributional test for verbs
morphological frame
Can be used attributively and predicatively with nouns
adjectives
Spring Break is a __________ noun
compound
These possessive words behave like some other
words:
The, this, a(n), those etc.
DETERMINERS
Often required before noun for grammatical
sentence:
determiners
describe determiners
- Can’t usually have more than one:
- *“The this apple”, *The my dog”
- Often required before noun for grammatical
sentence: - ?”This is cat”
- Can’t be used predicatively:
- *”Dog is the”
draw back to syntactic test
beware of subclasses
e.g. count vs mass nouns
draw back to morphological test
beware of irregularity
e.g. irregular verbs
I like your _____
works with nouns
I like to _____
works with verbs
What is a word?
Smallest free unit
What is a morpheme?
Smallest meaningful unit
describe how verbs work in Warlpiri
Verbs in Warlpiri take tense suffixes
- pina cannot take tense suffixes
describe how adjectives work in Warlpiri
Adjectives but not verbs can appear in the frame.
- pina can appear here as well
what is the conclusion about “pina”
it seems to be an adjective
what are the classes of affixes
- Prefixes (re-read, un-loved, mis-placed)
- Suffixes (quick-est, quick-er, read-s, book-s)
- Infixes
Root Part1 - Affix - RootPart2 - Circumfixes
AffixPart1 - Root - AffixPart
what is an example of a infix?
Bontoc (Philippines)
what is an example of a circumfix?
German past participle
example of infixes in English
Massa-fuckin-chusetts
what do speakers must be able to do regarding a language?
Speakers of a language must store information
about morphemes
our mental dictionary; where our knowledge of language is stored
Lexicon
what type of info are in lexicons?
We must know whether a morpheme is free or bound.
We must store the rules for forming words.
We seem to store some complex words as units, but we
must also store bound morphemes and rules.
Spontaneous creation of new words!
What does the lexical entry for each morpheme include?
- its pronunciation
- its meaning
- its lexical category
- its word formation rules
