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Linguistics > Lecture 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Four dimensions for Consonants

A
  • Glottal state
  • Nasality
  • Place
  • Manner
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2
Q

what are the Three main dimensions for Vowels?

A
  1. Height: high, mid, or low?
    * Also known as: close, mid, open
  2. Backness: front, central, or back?
  3. Lips: rounded or unrounded?
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2
Q

Where is the body of the tongue
vertically?

A

Height

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3
Q

body of tongue is moved up

A

high height

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4
Q

resting position for tongue

A

mid height

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5
Q

body of tongue is moved down

A

low height

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6
Q

examples of high-height

A

[i] beet [ɪ] bit [u] boot [ʊ] book

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7
Q

examples of mid-height

A

[ɛ] bet [ǝ] the, about [ᴧ], [ɔ] bought

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8
Q

examples of low-height

A

[ӕ] spat, bat [ɑ] spa, bot

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9
Q

Where is the body of the tongue
horizontally?

A

Backness

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10
Q

What are the types of backness

A

front, central, back

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11
Q

front

A

body of the tongue is moved forward

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12
Q

Central

A

resting position for body of tongue

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13
Q

Back

A

body of the tongue is moved back

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14
Q

examples of front vowels

A

[i] beet
[ɪ] bit
[ɛ] bet
[ӕ] bat

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15
Q

examples of central vowels

A

Schwa: [ǝ] the, about [ɜ]: nurse

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16
Q

examples of back vowels

A

[u] boot
[ʊ] book
[ɔ] bought, caught
[ɑ], [ɒ] bot

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17
Q

lips are rounded

A

rounded

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18
Q

lips are unrounded

A

unrounded

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19
Q

How are back vowels in English?

A

Only back vowels are rounded in English (only
back high and mid vowels in US English)

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20
Q

Is the tongue tensed or not?

A

Tension

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21
Q

a more “extreme” gesture (i.e., closer to the
edge of the vowel space)

A

Tense

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22
Q

a less extreme gesture (i.e., a little in from the
edge of the vowel space)

A

Lax

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23
Q

examples of tense

A

[i] beet
[u] boot
[ɔ] caught
[ɑ] bot

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24
Q

examples of lax

A

[ɪ] bit
[ʊ] book
[ɛ] bet
[ᴧ] but
[ǝ] the
[ӕ] bat

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25
Q

For most varieties of English, only ___________ vowels can appear as the last sound of a word

A

tense

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26
Q

describe the vowel with vowel with features: [i]

A

high front unrounded tense

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27
Q

describe the vowel with vowel with features: [ǝ]

A

mid central unrounded lax

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28
Q

describe the vowel with vowel with features: [ӕ]

A

low front unrounded lax

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29
Q

a vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality.

A

monophthongs

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30
Q

In American English ______ is sometimes combined with a preceding vowel

A

/r/

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31
Q

a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another

A

Diphthongs

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32
Q

What are the different ways in which vowels might “come together”?

A
  • Diphthongs (e.g., “about a boy” /əˈbaʊt ə bɔɪ/)
  • Two monophthongs next to each other
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33
Q

How is stress marked in the IPA?

A

by putting ‘ before the
stressed syllable

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34
Q

can vowels merge?

A

YES in the vowel system, not in a word/sentence

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35
Q

What does speaker variations relate to:

A
  • Region
  • Education
  • Social class
  • Race
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36
Q

Even the same speaker varies in how they
pronounce things, what is this called?

A

stylistic variation

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37
Q

What does inter-speaker variation depend on?

A

phonetic context

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38
Q

what is learning to ignore systematic differences apart of?

A

Acquisition

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39
Q

In Thai, what is the role of aspiration?

A

Aspirated vs unaspirated stops can make the
distinction between entirely different words

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40
Q

what is the goal of phonology?

A
  • Figure out what distinctions people pay
    attention to in different languages.
  • Figure out the unconscious rules that people
    use to pronounce the sounds they don’t pay
    attention to
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41
Q

are the discrete units of phonology (a
combinatorial system)

A

phonemes

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42
Q

the sounds that you can’t ignore

A

phonemes

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43
Q

different variations of the same phoneme (a single speech sound unit) that do not change the meaning of a word

A

allophones ([p] and [pʰ] (Aspirated vs. Unaspirated)

44
Q

English has no ________ vowel phonemes

45
Q

what allophones is /æ/ in? what is it recognized as?

A

wo allophones [æ] and [æ̃ ]; can be realized
phonetically as nasal or oral

46
Q

are two words that have different
meanings, but differ in only one sound

A

minimal pairs

47
Q

Since the difference between the sounds is
meaningful, how should sounds be treated?

A

the sounds must be treated as different in the language

48
Q

distinguish distinct meaningful units
(morphemes)

49
Q

variants of phonemes

A

allophones

50
Q

are minimal pairs allophones or phonemes?

51
Q

nasal vowels in English are always followed by
________ consonants

52
Q

the default form is the one that occurs
in the most varied environments

A

the default allophone

53
Q

Vowels become nasal when they
precede a ________ consonant

54
Q

rules of pronounciation

A
  • determine the default allophone
  • write the rule in words
  • write the rule in symbols
55
Q

>

A

‘becomes’

56
Q

[+nasal]

A

plus nasal” = nasal

57
Q

/

A

‘when the change happens’

58
Q

__ [+nasal]

A

Environment that causes the change
* Underlining defines position
where change takes place
* before nasal sounds

59
Q

Oral and nasal vowel variants are in _____________.

A

complementary distribution

60
Q

Unrelated sounds in complementary distribution
are not usually considered ______________.

A

allophones

61
Q

A sound takes on features of a neighboring sound.

A

assimilation

62
Q

Mostly driven by listeners assuming assimilation
and “undoing” it

A

dissimilation

63
Q

Describe the consonant sound [t]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: stop

64
Q

Describe the consonant sound [d]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: stop

65
Q

Describe the consonant sound [n]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: nasal
place: alveolar
manner: nasal

66
Q

Describe the consonant sound [s]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: Fricative

67
Q

Describe the consonant sound [z]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: Fricative

68
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɾ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: tap/flap

69
Q

Describe the consonant sound [r]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: trill

70
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɹ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: approximant

71
Q

Describe the consonant sound [l]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: alveolar
manner: lateral approximant

72
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʃ] (“sh”)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: postalveolar
manner: fricative

73
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʒ] (“zh” in measure)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: postalveolar
manner: fricative

74
Q

Describe the consonant sound [tʃ] (“ch”)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: postalveolar
manner: affricate

75
Q

Describe the consonant sound [dʒ] (the dge part in judge)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: postalveolar
manner: affricate

76
Q

Describe the consonant sound [c]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: stop

77
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɟ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: stop

78
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɲ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: nasal
place: palatal
manner: nasal

79
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ç]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: fricative

80
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʝ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: fricative

81
Q

Describe the consonant sound [j] (“y” in yes)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: approximant

82
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʎ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: palatal
manner: lateral approximant

83
Q

Describe the consonant sound [k]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: stop

84
Q

Describe the consonant sound [g]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: stop

85
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ŋ] (“ng”)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: nasal
place: velar
manner: nasal

86
Q

Describe the consonant sound [x] (“loch”)

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: fricative

87
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɣ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: fricative

88
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɰ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: approximant

89
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʟ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: velar
manner: lateral approximant

90
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ʔ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: glottal
manner: stop

91
Q

Describe the consonant sound [h]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiceless
Nasality: oral
place: glottal
manner: fricative

92
Q

Describe the consonant sound [ɦ]

A

Glottal state/voicing: voiced
Nasality: oral
place: glottal
manner: fricative

93
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [i] (“see” /siː/)

A

Height: High/close
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

94
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ɪ] (“bit” /bɪt/)

A

Height: high/close
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

95
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [u] (“goose” /ɡuːs/)

A

Height: High/close
Backness: back
Lips: rounded

96
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ʊ] (“foot” /fʊt/)

A

Height: High/close
Backness: back
Lips: rounded

97
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ɛ] (“dress” /drɛs/)

A

Height: mid
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

98
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ə] (“sofa” /ˈsoʊfə/ (schwa, unstressed))

A

Height: mid
Backness: central
Lips: unrounded

99
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ʌ] (“strut” /strʌt/)

A

Height: mid
Backness: central
Lips: unrounded

100
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ɔ] (“thought” /θɔːt/)

A

Height: mid
Backness: back
Lips: rounded

101
Q

examples of diphthongs (Gliding Vowels)

A

[aɪ aʊ ɔɪ eɪ oʊ]

102
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [æ] (“trap” /træp/)

A

Height: open/ low
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

103
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ɑ] (“palm” /pɑːm/)

A

Height: open/ low
Backness: back
Lips: unrounded

104
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [aɪ] (“price” /praɪs/)

A

Height: low to high
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

105
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [aʊ] (“mouth” /maʊθ/)

A

Height: low to high
Backness: front/central, moves to back
Lips: unrounded, becomes rounded

106
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [ɔɪ] (“choice” /ʧɔɪs/)

A

Height: mid to high
Backness: starts back, moves to front
Lips: rounded, becomes unrounded

107
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [eɪ] (“face” /feɪs/)

A

Height: mid to high
Backness: front
Lips: unrounded

108
Q

Describe the vowel symbol [oʊ] (“goat” /ɡoʊt/)

A

Height: mid to high
Backness: back
Lips: rounded

Linguistics (6 decks)

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