Lecture 11 & 12 Flashcards
Sometimes the contrast between two phonemes disappears in certain environments
Neutralization
Unstressed vowels in English are often pronounced as _______
[ə] (schwa)
all vowels in English have __________ as one of their allophones
[ə]
What is the rule we can propose that unstressed vowels
become schwa in English
[V, -stress] > [ə]
* V = “vowel”
* [-stress] = “minus stress” = “unstressed”
What are some phonetic classes?
- Vowels vs. consonants
- Non-continuants (stops & affricates) vs.
continuants - Obstruents (non-nasal stops, affricates,
fricatives), vs. Sonorants (everything else) - Sibilants
fricatives & affricates involving the tongue and the upper teeth and postalveolar region
Sibilants
What must happen with multiple rules?
rules must be ordered
English Plural Formation
For regular English nouns, a plural is formed by adding -S to the word, though there are many other plural forms as well. For instance, it is usually correct to ad -ES to words that end in -S, -SH, -CH, or -X. Words that end with a consonant followed by a -Y take an -IES ending, like ‘‘baby’’ and ‘‘babies.
when does the sound [z] happen in English plurals?
after voiced sounds
when does the sound [s] happen in English plurals?
after voiceless sounds
when does the sound [ɪz] happen in English plurals?
after sibilants
what follows a voiceless sound in english plurals?
devoicing
What is the ordering for rules for the word “wish”?
wish /wɪʃ/
* Start with /z/ /wɪʃ + z/
* vowel insertion [ˈwɪʃɪz]
* devoicing – [ˈwɪʃɪz]
segments
- Phonemes (units in phonology)
- Phones (units in phonetics)
Parts of the suprasegmental level:
- Pitch
- Length
- Loudness
what is the human mouth and vocal tract are well designed for?
repetitive cycles of opening and
closing
Syllable structure
is the organization of sounds into syllables, which are units within words. The structure of a syllable includes an onset, nucleus, and coda
Consonants before the nucleus go in the ________
onset
Consonants after the nucleus go in the _________
coda
The Nucleus and the Coda form a _______________
constituent: the Rime
What are the only obligatory parts of the syllable?
rime and nucleus
what does it mean by position-sensitive rules?
Some rules apply only to certain positions in the
syllable structure
the contrast between
voiced and voiceless consonants is
neutralized in coda position in German
German final devoicing
corresponds to the frequency of the sound-wave
Pitch
Higher frequency sounds are perceived as __________
pitch
higher
How is frequency/pitch varied?
by varying the tension of
the vocal folds and the amount of air passing
through.
In tone languages, how in pitch contrasted?
with respect to word meaning (i.e., it forms minimal pairs)
is variation in pitch over an utterance
that is not related to word meaning
Intonation
Does intonation convey meaning?
YES
