Lectures 16 & 17 Flashcards
What is needed for lexical entries of affixes?
For affixes, we need to know that these
only apply to certain (types of) roots
* e.g -ed applies to verbs to form the past
* e.g. -s applies to a noun to form the plural
* and is distinct from present-tense -s added to third- person verb forms
When you attach -s to a noun, you will have a _______
noun
When you attach -ed to a verb, you will have a _________
verb
“-ly” suffixes to ________
Adjectives
When you attach -ly to an adjective,
you get an ____________
adverb
N + s → N
plural noun
Adj + ly → Adv
adjective manner
The output of one word formation rule
can be the input to another
Multi-Step Word Formation
describe the word formation for “hopefully”
hope is the root
* first we add the affix -ful
* now hopeful is a stem
* hope is both the root and the stem in “hopeful”!
* we add the affix -ly
The nucleus and the coda
are ____________ to the rime
subordinate
The rime is itself a
____________ of the syllable
constituent
One piece of
evidence for rime as constituent
We consider words to rhyme based on the nucleus and coda together, but not the onset
We can represent structure with ____________
brackets ex: [[[hope][ful]][ly]]
what is evidence for structure?
different trees give you different meanings -> structural ambiguity
what are the types of affixations?
inflection and derivation
the process of adding affixes (prefixes, suffixes, or infixes) to a base word to create new words or modify existing ones, changing their meaning or grammatical function
affixation
Changing the form of a word for some grammatical purpose
Inflection
Creating a new word from
an existing one
Derivation
Doesn’t change
lexical category of word
inflection
New form of same word
inflection
Typically driven by syntactic context
* Tense, case etc.
inflection
Applies very generally
Inflection
Closes word formation
inflection
Small impact on meaning
Inflection
Meaning contribution is entirely regular
Inflection
Often changes
lexical category
Derivation
Creates new words
Derivation
Independent of syntactic
context
Derivation
Restrictions on distribution
derivative
Open to further word formation processes
derivation
Can significantly alter meaning
Derivation
___________ applies by default to all appropriate
words
Inflection
__________ is more restricted
Derivation
__________ contributes very reliable meaning
inflection
__________ displays more variation
Derivation
is ‘-eer’ inflectional or derivational?
derivational
is ‘-est’ inflectional or derivational?
inflectional
Brain dictionary
mental lexicon
Multilayered composition
hierarchical structure
Meaningless combinatorial unit variant
Allophone
Changing words to make new ones
Derivation
Adjusting words for grammatical purposes
Inflection
Smooshing words together
compounding
adjectives in English can typically appear where?
Adjectives in English can typically appear not
only before the noun (attributively), but also
predicatively (after a copula)
what is a compounding?
the process of forming new words (or lexemes) by combining two or more existing words or stems, resulting in a compound word
what is Recursive Compounding?
the process where a compound word (a word formed by combining two or more words) itself becomes the base for another compound, creating a larger, more complex word.
compounding is in principle ____________.
indefinite
what is Headedness?
The structural role of a word (the “head”) within a phrase, which determines the syntactic category of that phrase and often influences the order of other words within it
what are the types of compounding?
Endocentric and Exocentric
the compound is a type of the right-most root,
i.e., the rightmost root is the head
endocentric
the compound is not a type of either root
exocentric
Word formation rule in entry for plural:
N + s –> N
_________ have to be specified in the lexical entries for certain roots
Plural forms
___________ can be a source of allomorphy
Allophony
What are the different forms of the default plural
suffix in English?
[z], [s], [ɪz]
the variation of allophony and allomorphy doesn’t have to be specified where?
in the lexical entry for the root! Can be generated by phonological rule
Consider the following pattern:
* In + expensive > inexpensive
* In + possible > impossible
* In + regular > irregular
* In + licit > illicit
whats going on here?
Involves phonological assimilation
* /n/ agrees in place with following consonant
* fully assimilates to liquids
Nasals in English generally assimilate to _____________
following sounds
is full assimilation to liquids is a current rule
in English?
NO
apparent phonological rules are fossils of
____________.
old rules
Affixes can trigger ________________
that change the stem
morphophonological rules
what is needed for morpheme affixes?
another step in word formation rules for specific roots
what is the noun of “leaves”
leaf
what are the 2 rules involved in ordering?
- One phonological rule affects the affix:
* /z/ > [z], [s], [ɪz] - One morphophonological rule affects the stem:
* /f/ > /v/
in ordering, does the stem or the affix change first?
stem
Rules applicable to head (on right) carry over
endocentric compounds
Whole is new word; doesn’t inherit rule from root
exocentric compounds
____________ behave like exocentric compounds
Proper names
