Lectures 13&14 Intro To Blood & Blood Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Is blood considered an organ or tissue?

A

Blood is a liquid tissue

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2
Q

What is hemophilia caused by?

A

Not enough clotting factors

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3
Q

How many liters of blood does an average human have?

A

5L

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4
Q

What is the PH and density of blood?

A

7.4 (+-.05) 1.057(+-.009)

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBC’s

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6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBC’s

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7
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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8
Q

What must be added before centrifuging blood?

A

Anticoagulants Cellular elements are separated from plasma

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9
Q

List the elements after centrifugation and their percentage composition

A

Plasma (55%) RBC’s 45% WBC’s and platelets <1%

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10
Q

What are the constituents of blood plasma and percentage composition?

A
  • Water (90-92%- Maintain blood volume. Transports molecules
    1. ) Plasma proteins (7-8%)- Maintain Osmotic pressure &PH

Albumin- Transports bilirubin

Globulins- Transports Cholesterol, fight infection

Fibrinogens- Blood clotting

  • Salts& ions <1%

Na+ &K+ &Cl- maintain membrane permeability

Mg2+ &Ca2+ - aid in metabolism
HCO3-

All salts- maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

List the constituents of plasma and the source in the body

A
  • Water (90-92%) Absorbed from Intestine
  • Plasma Proteins (7-8&) Liver
  • Salts, Ions Absorbed from intestine
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12
Q

Where is the source of Nitrogenous wastes, and where are they excreted?

A

Made in ​Liver, excreted by Kidneys

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13
Q

What is the function of Harmones and Vitamines?

A

Aid in ​Metabolism

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14
Q

What is the size, color, and shape of RBC’s?

A

7-8μm in diameter

Bright red to dark purple

Biconcave in shape

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15
Q

What is a unique feature of RBC’s?

A

Mature RBC’s lack nucleus

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16
Q

Why is haemoglobin an excellent transporter of O2 & CO2?

A

it contains harem, Fe2+

contains no nucleus ∴ more SA for O2

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17
Q

What is the conc of RBC’s in blood, and the number in our body?

A

25 trillion

4-6x10^6/mm3

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18
Q

What are the number of haemoglobin molecules in an RBC?

A

250 million- bright red protein

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19
Q

What is haemoglobin made out of?

A

4 Globin protein chains

2 alpha 2 beta

Iron for each Globin (2 O2 molecules each Globin)

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20
Q

How does haem transport CO2?

A

O2 is released as blood passes through body tissues

empty​ haem molecules bond with tissues CO2

21
Q

Where do RBC’s come from?

A

red bone marrow (skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones

22
Q

When do RBC’s loose their nucleus and synthesize their haem?

A

Before they leave bone marrow

23
Q

What is the average life of RBC’s, and where are they destroyed?

A

120 days

destroyed in live and spleen by phagocytes

24
Q

What is a person’s blood group?

A

Presence or absence of specific glycoproteins on cell membrane of RBC’s

ABO

Rhesus factor

25
Q

When is someone Blood group A or B/

A

A- A antigens B antibodies

vice versa

26
Q

When does someone have Blood group AB or O?

A

AB- A&B antigens, no antibodies in plasma

opposite for O

27
Q

What is another name for Rhesus factor?

A

Antigen D

28
Q

What might happen if mother is RH - and baby +?

what about opposite?

A

some fetal RBC (RH+) leaks to mother blood, making body produce anti RH antibodies

these antibodies may ] to the placenta and kill RBC’s, resulting in mental retardation, brain damage and possibly death

if opposite no problem because fetus is not immunologically developed

29
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

red bone marrow

30
Q

Give examples of Granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Agranulocytes

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
31
Q

What type of injection is given to protect the next baby the mother will give birth to from RH antibodies?

A

Passive immunity, she is given an injection of antibodies to immediately kill the excess fetal RBC’s in mother’s bloodstream after she has given birth to prevent memory cells forming and killing next baby

32
Q

Describe Neutrophils and function?

A
  • 10-14μm
  • Function in blood
  • spherical with multilobed nucleus
  • pink small granules
  • phagocytize pathogens
  • (40-70%) of total WBC’s
33
Q

Describe Eosinophils and function

A
  • 10-14μm
  • Sherical with bilobed nuclei
  • large red granules in cytoplasm
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
  • (1-4%) of WBC’s
34
Q

Describe Basophils and their function

A
  • 10-12μm
  • Spherical cells with lobed nuclei
  • Function in blood (Mast in tissue)
  • Large, irregularly shaped deep blue granules in cytoplasm
  • Contains heparin, which is an anticoagulant
  • releases histamine, promotes blood flow to damaged tissues
  • (0-1%)
35
Q

Describe lymphocytes and their function

A
  • 5-17μm
  • Spherical cells with large round nucleus
  • ​T & B
  • Responsible for specific immunity
  • (20-45%)
36
Q

Describe monocytes and their function

A
  • 10-24μm
  • spherical cells with kidney-shaped, round, or lobed nuclei
  • monocytes in blood
  • become Macrophages in tissue, that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris , they are antigen presenting cells
37
Q

Describe thrombocytes and function

A
  • 2-4μm
  • Disc shaped cell fragments with no nucleus
  • have purple granules
  • imvolved in blood clotting
38
Q

What is the conc of platelets in blood?

A

1.5-3*10^5/m,3 blood

39
Q

How are platelets formed and where are they destroyed?

A
  • formed by budding of megakaryocytes
  • Each megakaryocyte 5000-10,000 platelets/ day
  • Total ​200 Billion/day
  • circulate for 1 week
  • destroyed by spleen and liver
40
Q

How many clotting factors are there in the blood?

A

At least 12 clotting factors.

41
Q

Describe the blood clotting mechanism

A
  • Blood vessel ruptured
  • platelets congregate and form a plug
  • platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator- initiates a cascade of events

activator (allows Ca2+To work ) prothrombin–Ca2+> Thrombin (allows Ca2+ to work )

Fibrinogen–Ca2+> Fibrin threads

  • Fibrin threads form and trap RBC’s

​*EDTA binds Ca2+ and inhibits blood clotting

42
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

things in blood excluding plasma

43
Q

What is hematopoisis?

A

the process of manufacturing blood cells from stem cells (mainly in bone marrow)

44
Q

Briefly describe the process of hematopoiesis

A
  • Pluripotent Stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid stem cells
  • lymphoid stem cells to B, T lymphocytes (mature in thymus) or Natural killer cell
  • myeloid stem cells either directly to other WBC’s or RBC’s OR megakaryocyte, budding off of it platelets
45
Q

Which cells are antigen presenting cells?

A

monocytes, macrophagesand dendritic cells

46
Q

Difference between mast cell and Basophiles?

A

mast cells function in tissues and basophils in blood

47
Q

What is the risk of transfusing Blood to a person of wrong blood type?

A
  • **Hemolytic anemia**
  • renal failure
  • shock
  • death
48
Q

In simple terms, how do you know if transfused blood is of correct type?

A

no ​agglutination occurs