Lectures 13&14 Intro To Blood & Blood Cells Flashcards
Is blood considered an organ or tissue?
Blood is a liquid tissue
What is hemophilia caused by?
Not enough clotting factors
How many liters of blood does an average human have?
5L
What is the PH and density of blood?
7.4 (+-.05) 1.057(+-.009)
What are erythrocytes?
RBC’s
What are leukocytes?
WBC’s
What are Thrombocytes?
Platelets
What must be added before centrifuging blood?
Anticoagulants Cellular elements are separated from plasma
List the elements after centrifugation and their percentage composition
Plasma (55%) RBC’s 45% WBC’s and platelets <1%
What are the constituents of blood plasma and percentage composition?
- Water (90-92%- Maintain blood volume. Transports molecules
1. ) Plasma proteins (7-8%)- Maintain Osmotic pressure &PH
Albumin- Transports bilirubin
Globulins- Transports Cholesterol, fight infection
Fibrinogens- Blood clotting
- Salts& ions <1%
Na+ &K+ &Cl- maintain membrane permeability
Mg2+ &Ca2+ - aid in metabolism
HCO3-
All salts- maintain osmotic pressure
List the constituents of plasma and the source in the body
- Water (90-92%) Absorbed from Intestine
- Plasma Proteins (7-8&) Liver
- Salts, Ions Absorbed from intestine
Where is the source of Nitrogenous wastes, and where are they excreted?
Made in Liver, excreted by Kidneys
What is the function of Harmones and Vitamines?
Aid in Metabolism
What is the size, color, and shape of RBC’s?
7-8μm in diameter
Bright red to dark purple
Biconcave in shape
What is a unique feature of RBC’s?
Mature RBC’s lack nucleus
Why is haemoglobin an excellent transporter of O2 & CO2?
it contains harem, Fe2+
contains no nucleus ∴ more SA for O2
What is the conc of RBC’s in blood, and the number in our body?
25 trillion
4-6x10^6/mm3
What are the number of haemoglobin molecules in an RBC?
250 million- bright red protein
What is haemoglobin made out of?
4 Globin protein chains
2 alpha 2 beta
Iron for each Globin (2 O2 molecules each Globin)
How does haem transport CO2?
O2 is released as blood passes through body tissues
empty haem molecules bond with tissues CO2
Where do RBC’s come from?
red bone marrow (skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones
When do RBC’s loose their nucleus and synthesize their haem?
Before they leave bone marrow
What is the average life of RBC’s, and where are they destroyed?
120 days
destroyed in live and spleen by phagocytes
What is a person’s blood group?
Presence or absence of specific glycoproteins on cell membrane of RBC’s
ABO
Rhesus factor
When is someone Blood group A or B/
A- A antigens B antibodies
vice versa
When does someone have Blood group AB or O?
AB- A&B antigens, no antibodies in plasma
opposite for O
What is another name for Rhesus factor?
Antigen D
What might happen if mother is RH - and baby +?
what about opposite?
some fetal RBC (RH+) leaks to mother blood, making body produce anti RH antibodies
these antibodies may ] to the placenta and kill RBC’s, resulting in mental retardation, brain damage and possibly death
if opposite no problem because fetus is not immunologically developed
Where are leukocytes produced?
red bone marrow
Give examples of Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
What type of injection is given to protect the next baby the mother will give birth to from RH antibodies?
Passive immunity, she is given an injection of antibodies to immediately kill the excess fetal RBC’s in mother’s bloodstream after she has given birth to prevent memory cells forming and killing next baby
Describe Neutrophils and function?
- 10-14μm
- Function in blood
- spherical with multilobed nucleus
- pink small granules
- phagocytize pathogens
- (40-70%) of total WBC’s
Describe Eosinophils and function
- 10-14μm
- Sherical with bilobed nuclei
- large red granules in cytoplasm
- phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
- (1-4%) of WBC’s
Describe Basophils and their function
- 10-12μm
- Spherical cells with lobed nuclei
- Function in blood (Mast in tissue)
- Large, irregularly shaped deep blue granules in cytoplasm
- Contains heparin, which is an anticoagulant
- releases histamine, promotes blood flow to damaged tissues
- (0-1%)
Describe lymphocytes and their function
- 5-17μm
- Spherical cells with large round nucleus
- T & B
- Responsible for specific immunity
- (20-45%)
Describe monocytes and their function
- 10-24μm
- spherical cells with kidney-shaped, round, or lobed nuclei
- monocytes in blood
- become Macrophages in tissue, that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris , they are antigen presenting cells
Describe thrombocytes and function
- 2-4μm
- Disc shaped cell fragments with no nucleus
- have purple granules
- imvolved in blood clotting
What is the conc of platelets in blood?
1.5-3*10^5/m,3 blood
How are platelets formed and where are they destroyed?
- formed by budding of megakaryocytes
- Each megakaryocyte 5000-10,000 platelets/ day
- Total 200 Billion/day
- circulate for 1 week
- destroyed by spleen and liver
How many clotting factors are there in the blood?
At least 12 clotting factors.
Describe the blood clotting mechanism
- Blood vessel ruptured
- platelets congregate and form a plug
- platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator- initiates a cascade of events
activator (allows Ca2+To work ) prothrombin–Ca2+> Thrombin (allows Ca2+ to work )
Fibrinogen–Ca2+> Fibrin threads
- Fibrin threads form and trap RBC’s
*EDTA binds Ca2+ and inhibits blood clotting
What are the formed elements?
things in blood excluding plasma
What is hematopoisis?
the process of manufacturing blood cells from stem cells (mainly in bone marrow)
Briefly describe the process of hematopoiesis
- Pluripotent Stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid stem cells
- lymphoid stem cells to B, T lymphocytes (mature in thymus) or Natural killer cell
- myeloid stem cells either directly to other WBC’s or RBC’s OR megakaryocyte, budding off of it platelets
Which cells are antigen presenting cells?
monocytes, macrophagesand dendritic cells
Difference between mast cell and Basophiles?
mast cells function in tissues and basophils in blood
What is the risk of transfusing Blood to a person of wrong blood type?
- **Hemolytic anemia**
- renal failure
- shock
- death
In simple terms, how do you know if transfused blood is of correct type?
no agglutination occurs
