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Biology HSC > Lecture 3&4- Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lecture 3&4- Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the typical size range of Eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 μm

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2
Q

What a the typical prokaryotic cell size?

A

1-10 μm

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3
Q

Why do cells come in various shapes and sizes?

A

They vary by their function Larger= has a higher function usually

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4
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle cells?

A

Contraction and shortening

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5
Q

What are the distinguishing organelles of plant cells vs animal cells?

A

Large central vacuole Chloroplasts Centriole (only found in animal cells)

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6
Q

What is the major component of cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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7
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins that span the whole membrane, usually function as channel or carrier proteins and gives the cell structure

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8
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that do NOT span whole membrane, usually attached to integral proteins Can act as enzymes or help in cell signaling

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9
Q

What are the roles of carbohydrates in the bilayer?

A

Have a role in immune reactions (blood type antigen) Act as receptors for chemical pathways

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10
Q

In which process are macromolecules brought into the cell?

A

Endocytosis: Phagocytosis (solid) Pinocytosis (liquids) Receptor mediated Endocytosis- type of pinocytosis in which large molecules first bind to a receptor and are then engulfed (Specific)

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11
Q

What is a pseudopod?

A

an arm like structure that helps a cell undergo phagocytosis

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12
Q

Is the cytoplasm homogenous?

A

no, the centrosome, microtubules etc (cytoskeleton) , are involved

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13
Q

Why are the mitochondria able to replicate independently of the cell?

A

They have their own DNA

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14
Q

Where does the expired O2 from plants come from?

A

Catabolism of H2O

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15
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Generation of ATP from the movement of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the matrix

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16
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

solution that has a solute concentration lower than plasma ( lower osmotic pressure)

in Humans, that is having salt conc of less than 280osmol/L

17
Q

What is the approximate solute conc in plasma?

A

280milliosmol/L

18
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis involving liquids or small particles

19
Q

Mitochondrial diagram

A
20
Q

Where are the carbohydrate chains attached in the bilayer in comparison to cytoskeleton fragments?

A

Carbohydrate chains towards the outside of the cell, cytoskeleton fragments towards the inside of the cell

21
Q

Define diffusion?

A

the random motion of particles due to their thermal energy

particles tend to move from high concentration to low concentration

does not require membrane

22
Q

Describe Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

A
  • NADH & FADH2 are é donors
  • there are more H+in inner mitochondrial membrane compared to matrix

NADH & FADH2 donate their high speed é to protein complexes

  • as é lose energy protein complexes use it to take H+ to inner mitochondrial membrane against concentration gradient
  • 3 H+ at a time (required to make 1 ATP)
  • H+ move back to matrix via ATP synthase (3 at a time)
  • ATP synthase uses the protons thermal energy to convert ADP->ATP
  • O2 accepts low energy electrons+ 2H+ to form H2O
23
Q

What is the thylakoid?

A

a stack of flattened sacs containing chlorophyll (inside the chloroplast)

24
Q

What is the job of the thylakoid?

A

convert NADP+ and ADP –> ATP and NADPH

  • light energy (photons) excite é to leave H2O, forming 2H+ & O2
  • O2 leaves chloroplast while H+ are used to convert NADP+–>NADPH
  • high speed electrons moving in thylakoid give enough thermal energy ADP->ATP
25
Q

What happens after the thylakoid gets involved in chloroplast?

A

ATP and NADPH are used in the middle of the Calvin cycle (first starting with CO2) to convert it ultimately into sugar (series of reactions)

26
Q

What is the analog of the matrix in the chloroplast?

A

Stroma

27
Q

What is the function of a gland cell?

A

Production/ Secretion of substances.

28
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton

A

Allows movement of organelles such as Mitochondria and components during exocytosis

Biology HSC (31 decks)

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