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Endocrinology > Lecture Three Intro To Pituitary > Flashcards

Lecture Three Intro To Pituitary Flashcards

0
Q

FSH LH secretions in gonads

A

FSH LH testis - testosterone
Ovary
FSH - estrogen
LH- progesterone

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1
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A 
ACTH- adrenal cortex
TSH- thyroid
FSH/LH- gonads
Prolactin - mammary glands
GH - muscle, adipose tissue, bone
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2
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone so

A

Oxytocin - uterus and mammary gland

Vasopressin - kidney

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3
Q

Five hypothalamic functions

A 
Temperature regulation
Neuro endocrine control
Appetitive behavior
Defensive reactions
Control of body rhythms
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4
Q

Temperature regulation afferent so and integrating areas

A

Temp receptors in skin, deep tissues, spinal cord, hypothalamus, and other parts of the brain

Anterior hypothalamus, response to heat;
Posterior hypothalamus response to cold

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5
Q

Neuro endocrine control of seven things

A 
Catecholamines
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
TSH via TRH
ACTH via CRH
FSH and LH via GnRH
Prolactin via PIH AND PRH
GH via somatostatin and GHRH
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6
Q

Catecholamines afferents and integrating areas

A

Limbic areas concerned with emotion

Dorsal and posterior hypothalamus

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7
Q

Vasopressin afferents and integrating areas

A

Osmose rotors, volume receptors, others

Supra optic and paraventricular nuclei

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8
Q

TSH afferents and integrating areas

A

Temp receptors in infants, perhaps others

Paraventricular nuclei and neighboring areas

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9
Q

Oxytocin afferents and integrating area

A

Touch receptors in breasts, uterus and genitalia

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10
Q

ACTH afferents and integrating area

A

Limbic system, reticular formation, hypothalamic and anterior pituitary cells sensitive to circulating blood cortisol levels, suprachiasmatic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

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11
Q

FSH and LH afferents and integrating area

A

Hypothalamic cells sensitive to estrogens, eyes, touch receptors in skin and genitalia of reflex ovulating species

Preoptic area, other areas

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12
Q

Prolactin afferents and integrating area

A

touch receptors in breasts, other unknown receptors

Arcuate nucleus, other areas (hypothalamus inhibits secretion)

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13
Q

GH afferents and integrating area

A

Unknown receptors

Peri ventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus

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14
Q

Thirst afferents and integrating area

A

Osmoreceptors, probably located in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis; angiotensin II in the subfornical organ

Lateral superior hypothalamus

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15
Q

Hunger afferents and integrating area

A

Glucostat cells sensitive to rate of glucose utilization; leptin receptors; receptors for other polypeptides

Ventromedial, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei; lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

Sexual behavior afferents and integrating area

A

Cells sensitive to circulating estrogen and androgen, others

Anterior ventral hypothalamus plus in the male, piriform cortex

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17
Q

Defensive reactions (rage, fear) afferents and integrating area

A

Sense organs and neocortex
Paths unknown

Diffuse, in limbic system and hypothalamus

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18
Q

Control of body rhythms afferent and integrating area

A

Retina retinohypothalamic fibers

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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19
Q

Where does pituitary develop

A

From diencephalon and ectodermal region from the roof of the mouth

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20
Q

Rathke’s cyst

A

Benign tumor in pituitary gland

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21
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized

A

In the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, respectively

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22
Q

Hypothalamoneurohypophysial tract

A

Axons that transport vasopressin and oxytocin, along with neurophysin, from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

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23
Q

Where are oxytocin and vasopressin released

A

At the axon terminals

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24
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Derived from inferior hypophysial artery. What released oxytocin and vasopressin enter as they leave axon terminal

25
Q

What makes up the neurohypophysis

A

Median eminence
Infundibular process
Pars nervosa (neural lobe)

26
Q

Herring body

A

Neuro secretory bodies in posterior pituitary. Represent terminal end of axons from the hypothalamus

27
Q

Pituicyte

A

Glial cells of the posterior pituitary. Their main role is to assist in the storage and release of neurohypophysial hormones

28
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary

29
Q

Why are capillaries of neurohypophysis fenestrated

A

To permit diffusion of secretions into circulation

30
Q

Glial Fibrillary acidic protein

A

Intermediate filament protein characteristic of astrocytes

31
Q

How do hormones travel down axon

A

In neuro secretory granule containing the neurophysin-hormone complex

32
Q

Is axon between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary myelinated

A

No

33
Q

Synthesis and processing steps of neural lobe hormones

A

(ER) pre-hormone
Pro hormone
Neuro secretory granule (NSG)
Neurophysin + hormone

34
Q

Prehormone happens where

A

Protein synthesis; Magnicellular neuron ribosomes

35
Q

Prohormone

A

Glycosylation and membrane packaging; Magnicellular neuron Golgi apparatus

36
Q

Neuro secretory granule

A

Transport down supraopticohypophyseal tract as osmotic ally inactive granules

37
Q

Neurophysin plus hormone

A

Storage in posterior pituitary; cleavage within NSG

38
Q

Where does oxytocin act

A

Myoepithelial cells of mammary glands

Uterus

39
Q

What some oxytocin cause in Myoepithelial cells

A

Milk ejection

40
Q

What causes positive feedback to hypothalamus for oxytocin in mammary glands

A

Suckling

41
Q

What does oxytocin do in uterus

A

Cervical dilatation via uterine contractions that lead to labor

42
Q

What in uterus provides positive feedback to hypothalamus on oxytocin

A

Uterine contractions

43
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized in neuron

A

Paraventricular neuron

44
Q

What is role of oxytocinase

A

Decreases the plasma level of oxytocin

45
Q

What do progesterone and relaxin do during pregnancy to the myometrium

A

Decrease its intrinsic contractility

46
Q

What happens to oxytocin levels during parturition

A

They increase dramatically

47
Q

When is binding of oxytocin maximal

A

During labor

48
Q

How does oxytocin bind in mammary gland

A

Gradual increase during pregnancy with maximal binding during lactation

49
Q

Ptocin

A

Synthetic oxytocin used in obstetrics to induce labor and maintain progression and reduce post partum bleeding

50
Q

Oxytocin cycle in uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin released by posterior pituitary
Causes uterine contraction
Baby’s head pushed downward
Cervical stretch
Cervical stretch provides positive feedback to posterior pituitary about oxytocin, to uterus to contract
Uterine contraction causes uterus to release prostaglandins

51
Q

What kind of receptor is oxytocin receptor

A

G protein coupled

52
Q

What are the second messengers of oxytocin receptor

A

Calcium
DAG
IP3

53
Q

Why is calcium required in cell

A

For calmodulin binding in smooth muscle of uterus and activation of specific kinase in the smooth muscle

54
Q

What does activation of kinase result in

A

Smooth muscle cell contractility

55
Q

What does calcium-calmodulin combo activate

A

Myosin light chain kinase that causes contraction of smooth muscle

56
Q

How does oxytocin affect ACTH

A

It has an inhibitory effect on ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary

57
Q

What behavior does oxytocin regulate

A

Maternal behavior

58
Q

What part of hypothalamus regulates female mating behavior. What does it express

A

The ventromedial nuclei, which express oxytocin receptors regulated by estrogen

59
Q

What happens to oxytocin levels during human sexual arousal

A

Plasma oxytocin levels are elevated

60
Q

How do oxytocin and vasopressin regulate social behavior

A

They may regulate social recognition such as “pair bonding” and social interaction such as trust among group of individuals

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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