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Endocrinology > Lecture 5 Slides > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Slides Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A 
TSH- thyroid
ACTH- adrenal cortex
FSH and LH- testes or ovaries
GH- entire body (growth hormone)
PRL (prolactin) - mammary glands
Endorphins- pain receptors in the brain
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1
Q

In hypothalamus, neuro secretory cell releases hormones into what to get to anterior pituitary!

A

Blood vessel

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2
Q

Cell types in anterior pituitary

A 
Corticotroph
Thyrotroph
Gonadotroph (FSH and LH)
Lactotroph (mammotroph)
Somatotroph
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3
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Corticotroph

A

Corricotropin (ACTH)

Basophil

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4
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Thyrotroph

A

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Basophil

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5
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

FSH gonadotroph

A

Follitropin (FSH)

Basophil

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6
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

LH-gonadotroph

A

Lutropin. (LH)

Basophil

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7
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Lactotroph

A

Prolactin

Acidophil

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8
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Somatotroph

A

Growth hormone

Acidophil

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9
Q

Three types of human anterior pituitary hormones

A

Corticotropin-related peptide hormones
Glycoprotein hormones
Somatomammotropin hormones

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10
Q

Corticotropin-related peptide hormones

A

Single small peptides derived from common precursor

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11
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A

Composed of two dissimilar peptides. The alpha chain is similar in structure or identical. The beta chain differs with each hormone and confers specificity.

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12
Q

Somatomammotropin hormones

A

Single peptide chains with two or three SS (disulfide) bonds; no carbohydrate

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13
Q

Four Corticotropin-related hormones of anterior pituitary

A

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH or alpha-melanotropin)
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH)
Beta-endorphin (beta-LPH) 61-91

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14
Q

Glycoprotein hormones in anterior pituitary

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropin

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15
Q

Somatomammotropin hormones

A

Prolactin

Growth hormone

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16
Q

Signaling systems of single chain proteins from anterior pituitary

A

ACTH - cAMP
GH- STAT
PRL - STAT

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17
Q

Signaling systems of anterior pituitary glycoproteins

A

LH, FSH, and TSH - all cAMP

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18
Q

STAT

A

Signal transduces and activator of transcription

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19
Q

CAMP

A

Cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate

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20
Q

Four parts of pituitary gland

A 
Pars distalis (anterior)
Pars intermedia
Pars nervosa
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21
Q

Hormones released by pars nervosa (posterior)

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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22
Q

Hormones released by pars intermedia

A

Basophils: ACTH and MSH

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23
Q

Hormones released by pars distalis

A

Acidophils: prolactin and GH

Basophils : TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH/ICSH

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24
Q

How do hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

A

Portal system

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25
Q

How do hormones travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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26
Q

What is pars tuberalis

A

Between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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27
Q

Which neuron communicates between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

Parvocellular neuron

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28
Q

Steps from parvocellular neuron to systemic circulation

A 
Parvocellular neuron
Axonal transport
Median eminence
(CRH, TRH, LHRH, GHRH, SS, DA)
Long portal veins
Anterior pituitary
ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH, GH, PRL
Systemic circulation
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29
Q

Hormones sent by hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

CRH, TRH, LHRH, GHRH, SS, DA

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30
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH, GH, PRL

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31
Q

Which neuron communicates between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

Magnocellular neuron

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32
Q

Steps from mango cellular neuron to systemic circulation

A

Magnocellular neuron
Axonal transport
Posterior pituitary
Systemic circulation

33
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

OT, AVP, NP

34
Q

What are hypothalamic-hypophyseotropic nuclei

A

They represent a collection of various neurons with neuro endocrine function that lie in the lateral wall of the third ventricle

35
Q

What sends axons to median eminence

A

Small-sized neurons. Hormones are stored in small vesicles in the terminals next to capillary plexus.

36
Q

How do hormones leave median eminence

A

Hormones are released into the capillary network and carried to the anterior pituitary.

37
Q

What are releasing factors? What do they regulate?

A

Individual hypothalamic hormones

Regulate specific anterior pituitary cell types

38
Q

Anatomical evidence in support of portal-vessel chemo transmitter hypothesis

A
  • blood flows to the anterior pituitary from the primary capillary plexus located in the median eminence
  • in contrast to the posterior pituitary, there is little secretomotor innervation of the anterior pituitary
39
Q

Experimental evidence in support of portal-vessel chemo transmitter hypothesis

A
  • lesions in the hypothalamus and median eminence produce atrophy of specific endocrine glands
  • electrical stimulation of localized regions in the anterior hypothalamus evokes secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones.
  • transfection of the pituitary stalk, with the insertion of an impermeable barrier to prevent regeneration of the portal vessels, results in failure of gonadal, thyroid and adrenal function, and stunts growth
  • transplantation of anterior pituitary into a well-vascularized region remote from its original site fails to restore target organ function in hypophysectomized animals; however, replacement under the median eminence, so that the anterior pituitary becomes recascularized by the portal vessels, reverses the decline.
40
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

Start with TRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

TRH-paraventricular nuclei-TSH and prolactin-thyrotroph

41
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

LHRH, Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

A

LHRH-anterior and medial hypothalamus; preoptic septal areas-LH/FSH-gonadotroph

42
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

CRH-medial parvocellular portion of paraventricular nucleus-adrenocorticotropic hormone- corticotroph

43
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

Growth hormone releasing hormone

A

GHRH-arcuate nucleus, close to median eminence- GH- somatotroph

44
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

Somatostatin or growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin- anterior paraventricular area-GH-somatotroph

45
Q

Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell

Dopamine

A

Dopamine- arcuate nucleus- prolactin- lactotroph

46
Q

cDNA sequence of TRH precursor encodes how big a protein

A

Of 255 aa

47
Q

What sequence occurs five times in the cDNA sequence of the TRH precursor

A

Gln-His-Pro-Gly

48
Q

In cDNA sequence, each tetra peptide is flanked by

A

paired basic residues (Lys Arg or Arg Arg)

49
Q

TRH precursor generates how much TRH

A

Five TRH molecules from each precursor protein

50
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus (6)

A

GnRH, GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, CRH

51
Q

GnRH is precursor to what from AP

A

FSH and LH (upregulates)

52
Q

GHRH is precursor to what AP hormone

A

GH (upregulates)

53
Q

SS is precursor to what AP hormone

A

GH (downregulates)

54
Q

TRH is precursor to what AP hormone

A

TSH (upregulates)

55
Q

DA is precursor to what AP hormone

A

Prolactin (downregulates)

56
Q

CRH is precursor to what AP hormone

A

ACTH(upregulates)

57
Q

Function of FSH and LH

A

Go to gonads
Germ cell development
Secrete hormones: female, estrogen and progesterone/male, testosterone

58
Q

Function of GH

A

In liver and other cells : secrete IGF-I

Many organs and tissues: protein synthesis, carb and lipid metabolism

59
Q

TSH function

A

Thyroid: secretes thyroxine and triidothyronine

60
Q

Prolactin function

A

Breasts: breast development and milk production(in male may facilitate reproductive function)

61
Q

ACTH function

A

Adrenal cortex: secretes cortisol

62
Q

Physiological roles of ACTH (5)

A
  • Corticotropin stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, adrenal androgens and in part mineralcorticoids
  • Corticotropin is a 39 amino acid peptide synthesized as a part of 241 AA precursor molecule pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
  • processing of precursor is species and tissue specific
  • the first 18 AA of corticotrophin has full biological activity
  • ACTH receptor is a GPCR with cAMP secondary messenger
63
Q

What controls ACTH secretion? When is it lowest and highest?

A

It is under circadian control.

Lowest at midnight, peaks in the morning and declines in afternoon

64
Q

What stimulates ACTH release?

A

Hypothalamic CRH and vasopressin

65
Q

What physiological issues stimulate ACTH release?

A

Stress, pain, fear, fever, and hypoglycemia

66
Q

What do glucocorticoids released from adrenals influence by feedback control.

A

Pituitary corticotrophs, hypothalamic neurons, glucocorticoids swnsirice neurons of hippocampus

67
Q

What kind of pattern does ACTH secretion have

A

Pulsatile

68
Q

What causes Cushing syndrome

A

Excess of adrenal cortical function, often caused by pituitary corticotroph adenoma

69
Q

What does excess of ACTH release cause

A

Increases adrenal hormone secretion (cortisol) without proper feedback effects

70
Q

Clinical features of excess ACTH release

A

Weight gain
Moon face
Centripetal obesity
Peripheral (arms/legs) myopathy, diabetes, etc.

71
Q

Ehat does diagnosis of excess ACTH release involve

A

Measurements of the levels of ACTH and cortisol in circulation

72
Q

What is TSH composed of

A

Two subunits (alpha and beta) with beta subunit providing specificity of the hormone

73
Q

What is a hormone? What is required for its biological activity?

A

A glycoprotein

Sugar moieties are required

74
Q

How is thyrotropin (TDH) released? When is it at highest and lowest levels?

A

Released in circadian fashion

Levels are highest at 8 PM, remain high at night and decline in the morning

75
Q

How are TDH levels measures

A

By radioimmunoassay (RIA)

76
Q

What receptor does TDH activate

A

7TM G-protein linked receptor

77
Q

Major early stimulator effects of TSH on thyroid follicular cells

A

Adenylate Cyclase
Endocytosis of colloid
Mitochondrial respiration and cell metabolism

78
Q

Major late stimulators effects of TSH on thyroid follicular cells

A

Iodide uptake
Protein synthesis
DNA replication and mitotic activity

79
Q

Two inactivating mutations in TSH receptor

A

Del AC 655

G–>C + 3IVS6

80
Q

What do receptors for TSH, FSH and LH have in common

A

An exceptionally large N-terminal domain

81
Q

Four disorders of the thyrotropin

A
  • TSH deficiency due to mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit
  • human thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin binding to TSH receptor of thyroid gland
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • mutation in gene encoding TSH receptor

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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