Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Exam 3 Lecture 21 Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture 21 Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary- gonads axis

A

The hypothalamus GnRH, which travels in the hypothalami-pituitary portal vessels to anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary responds by secreting LH and FSH. FSH and LH travel to the gonads, where they stimulate both the secretion of sex hormones and the synthesis of gametes. The sex hormones will travel to reproductive tract and other organs. They will also offer negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, in most cases, except estrogen in the female menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main components of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymis, penis (including urethra), and ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What role does testosterone play in spermatogenesis? Through which cells does it act.

A

It is required for its initiation and maintenance. It acts through the Sertoli cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does testosterone affect GnRH secretion?

A

It provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus, which decreases GnRH secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does testosterone affect LH secretion?

A

It inhibits LH secretion via a direct action on the anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does testosterone affect male accessory reproductive organs?

A

It induces their differentiation and maintains their functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does testosterone affect male secondary sex characteristics?

A

It induces them. It opposes action of estrogen on breast growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does testosterone affect anabolism and bone growth?

A

It stimulates protein anabolism, bone growth, cessation of bone growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does testosterone affect sex drive and aggression?

A

It is required for the former and may enhance the latter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does testosterone affect the quantity of red blood cells?

A

It stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inside the testes, what do you find?

A

Seminiferous tubules enclosed by septum, septum surrounded by tunica albuginea, tubule recti at the origin of the seminiferous tubules, the rete testis and mediastinum testis facing the epidymis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What surrounds the testes?

A

tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What connects the testes to the epididymis?

A

the ductuli efferentes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymis?

A

head, tail and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

After epididymis, through what do gametes travel?

A

ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what cells surround the seminiferous tubules?

A

myoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what cells are in the interstitium of the testes?

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what layers make up the seminiferous tubule?

A

from inside out, lumen, seminiferous epithelium, lymphatic channel, and wall of seminiferous tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are spermatogenic cells located?

A

in the seminiferous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are sertoli cells located?

A

in the seminiferous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can be found in the inter tubular space?

A

venules and arterioles, leydig cells, and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what kind of cells are sertoli cells?

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the spermatogenic cells?

A

spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is in the wall of the seminiferous tubule?

A

fibroblasts and myoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does cholesterol become an androgen?

A

cholesterol becomes pregnenolone via SCCE, then through 17alpha hydroxylase, becomes 17-OH pregnenolone, then through 17-lyase, it becomes DHEA, then through 3beta HSD it becomes androstenedione, then through 17beta HSD, it becomes testosterone, then through aromatase, it becomes estradioi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does cholesterol become progesterone?

A

SCCE to pregnenolone, 3beta HSD to progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does progesterone become an androgen?

A

17alpha hydroxylase to 17-OH progesterone, 17-lyase to androstenedione, 17beta HSD to testosterone, aromatase to estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does testosterone become the derivative 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone?

A

through 5alpha-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does testosterone become the derivative 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone?

A

through 5alpha-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

In the inter tubular space of the testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Like all steroid-producing cells, Leydig cells have abundant what?

A

lipid droplets
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria with tubular cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what two hormones regulate Leydig cell function?

A
  1. LH, which stimulates testosterone production

2. Prolactin, which induces the expression of the LH receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

it induces the expression of the LH receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how does StAR regulate the synthesis of steroids?

A

it transports cholesterol across the outer mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A mutation in the gene encoding StAR can lead to what pathology?

A

defective synthesis of adrenal and gonadal steroids or lipid congenital adrenal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does testosterone go from Leydig cells?

A

lymphatic sinusoid and blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the keys to the nine functions of the Sertoli cells?

A

chemicals, developing sperm, luminal fluid, sperm proliferation and differentiation, inhibin, Leydig cell function, defective sperm, MIS

40
Q

what does Sertoli cell provide to chemicals in plasma?

A

barrier

41
Q

How does Sertoli cell respond to testosterone and FSH stimulation?

A

secretes paracrine agents that stimulate sperm proliferation and differentiation

42
Q

what is the role of inhibin?

A

inhibits FSH secretion from pituitary

43
Q

How does Sertoli cell influence Leydig cell function?

A

secretes paracrine agents

44
Q

What does Sertoli cell do to defective sperm?

A

phagocytose it

45
Q

what is Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)?

A

it causes primordial female duct system to regress

46
Q

when does Sertoli cell secrete MIS?

A

during embryonic life

47
Q

what does Sertoli cell do to developing sperm?

A

nourish it

48
Q

what does Sertoli cell do with retinoic acid and its derivatives?

A

stores them.

49
Q

What are retinoic acid and its derivatives necessary for?

A

sperm development

50
Q

What are the spermatogenesis stages?

A

primordial germ cell 2n –> spermatogonia 2n –> primary spermatocytes 2n –> secondary spermatocytes n –> spermatids n –> spermatozoa

51
Q

How do primordial germs cells become spermatogonia?

A

they migrate from yolk sac to testes and differentiate

52
Q

How do spermatogonia 2n become 1º spermatocytes?

A

they proliferate by mitosis. B type differentiates into spermatocytes that are primary.

53
Q

How do 1º spermatocytes differentiate into secondary spermatocytes?

A

they undergo 1st meiotic division

54
Q

How do secondary spermatocytes become spermatids?

A

they miss S phase and undergo 2nd maturation division

55
Q

how do spermatids become spermatozoa?

A

they transform, without dividing

56
Q

How many primary spermatocytes does spermatogonium give rise to?

A

16 primary spermatocytes

57
Q

How may spermatides are given rise to by primary spermatocytes?

A

four

58
Q

How many spermatozoa do spermatides give rise to?

A

four

59
Q

what are the three main functions of the epididymus?

A

a. sperm maturation
b. sperm storage
c. sperm transport

60
Q

how does the epididymus participate in sperm maturation?

A

a. stabilization of condensed chromatin

b. changes in plasma surface proteins

61
Q

what are the functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

a. nutrients
b. buffers
c. chemicals
d. prostaglandins

62
Q

what do buffers produced by accessory glands do?

A

they protect sperm from acidic environment

63
Q

what do chemicals released by accessory glands do?

A

they increase sperm motility

64
Q

what kind of receptor is the androgen receptor?

A

nuclear hormone receptor

65
Q

what happens after AR binds androgens as ligands?

A

a. dissociates from chaperone HSP90
b. self-dimerizes
c. translocates to nucleus

66
Q

From N-terminal to C-terminal, what are the parts of the androgen receptor?

A

NTD, DBD, hinge, blank, AF-2, blank. LBD hovers over AF-2.

67
Q

What is NTD? what factor is at NTD?

A

N-terminal domain. Activating factor-1.

68
Q

What is AF-2?

A

activation function-2

69
Q

what does C-terminal domain divide into?

A

LBD and CTE, which is C-terminal extension

70
Q

When testosterone enters a target cell, what does it do?

A

it binds with receptor in nucleus directly, or it turns into dihydrotestosterone via 5alpha-reductase and binds with the androgen receptor.

71
Q

What does testosterone propagate after binding with receptor?

A

a. gonadotropin regulation
b. spermatogenesis
c. sexual differentiation/Wolffian stimulation/external virilization

72
Q

What does dihydrotestosterone propagate after binding with receptor?

A

a. external virilization

b. sexual maturation at puberty

73
Q

Lower peripheral level testosterone functions? (6)

A

CNS differentiation, genital differentiation, sexual characteristics, accessory sex glands, anabolic and general metabolic processes, behavior/libido

74
Q

what genital differentiation does lower peripheral testosterone help with?

A

genital apparatus and genital excurrent duct system

75
Q

How does lower peripheral testosterone help secondary sexual characteristics?

A

growth and maintenance

76
Q

How does lower peripheral testosterone help accessory sex glands?

A

growth and maintenance

77
Q

What is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

A

a valuable marker for the early detection of prostate cancer?

78
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

noncancerous enlargement caused by DHT, a metabolite of testosterone.

79
Q

what is DHT?

A

a metabolite of testosterone. It induces growth factor expression that drives tissue enlargement.

80
Q

What does carcinoma of the prostate depend on?

A

DHT

81
Q

How can carcinoma of the prostate growth be controlled?

A

by reducing androgen levels

82
Q

How can androgen levels be reduced when treating carcinoma of the prostate?

A

a. GnRH antagonist
b. estrogen
c. surgery
d. radiotherapy

83
Q

How can we block AR at N-terminal?

A

with EPI-001, which interacts with AR NTD to block AR transcriptional acidity through this domain.

84
Q

How can we block AR at ligand binding domain (LBD)?

A

a. androgen ablation
b. antiandrogens
c. DHT
d. dihydrotestosterone

85
Q

what are the most commonly used therapies in metastatic prostate cancer?

A

androgen deprivation

86
Q

How does androgen deprivation happen?

A

medical (LHRH agonists), surgical castration, disruption of androgen binding to AR

87
Q

what do most prostate cancers evolve into?

A

castration-resistant state

88
Q

Resistance mechanisms to metastatic prostate cancer?

A

AR, gene mutation or amplification, ligand independent activation or AR and persistent intraprostatic androgens

89
Q

what causes disorder of androgen synthesis?

A

defects or mutations in enzymes involved in corticosteroid and androgen production

90
Q

what do disorders of androgen synthesis cause?

A

adrenal insufficiency and pseudohermaphroditism

91
Q

what is impaired androgen production a result of?

A

mutation in the gene encoding the receptor of LH

92
Q

what do 5alpha-reductase deficiency result in?

A

female-like external genitalia in males due to lack of dehydrostestosterone.

93
Q

what do androgen receptor defects cause overall?

A

overall female appearance in the 46, XY males

94
Q

AAS

A

commonly used substrate to improve exercise performance and /or body image of an athlete.

95
Q

How are AAS used?

A

in combo with other substances to increase anabolic/performance-enhancing effect

Endocrinology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions