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Endocrinology > Exam 3 Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Exam 3 Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five stages of follicle development?

A 
Primordial follicle
Early primary follicle
Late primary follicle
Secondary or antral follicle
Mature or Graafian follicle
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2
Q

When does the zone pellucida first appear in the developing follicle?

A

Early primary follicle

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3
Q

When do granulosa and the theca strata appear?

A

Late primary follicle

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4
Q

When do theca externs and theca intern, antrum and granulosa cells appear?

A

Secondary follicle

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5
Q

When do cumulus oophorus, corona radiate and liquor follicle appear?

A

Mature follicle

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6
Q

What three stages make up the growing follicle?

A

Early primary, late primary, secondary

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7
Q

How long does it take for a primordial follicle to develop into a preovulatory follicle?

A

an excess of 120 days

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8
Q

Once a follicle is a prenatal stage of about 0.2 mm in diameter, how long does it take to develop into a preovulatory follicle?

A

approximately 65 days

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9
Q

What happens to mature follicles?

A

One becomes dominant and the others suffer atresia.

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10
Q

What are the two main stages of the oocyte maturation process?

A

Meiosis I and II

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11
Q

What happens to the developing oocyte during the second trimester of gestation?

A

it is 2n DNA oogonium. It undergoes DNA synthesis, enters meiosis I, and crosses over.

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12
Q

What happens to the developing oocyte after it enters meiosis I?

A

it becomes 4n DNA and arrests at the prophase I stage before being given birth to. It remains arrested in this stage until puberty.

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13
Q

What happens to the oocyte at puberty?

A

the oocyte enters metaphase I after the preovulatory LH surge. It becomes a primary oocyte. The oocyte divides into 2n DNA secondary oocyte and first polar body. Then, it enters Meiosis II and metaphase II, where it remains until fertilization occurs.

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14
Q

What happens to secondary oocyte after fertilization?

A

It follows through with metaphase II, divides into a haploid egg and a second polar body. Once fertilized, it becomes diploid again.

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15
Q

Which follicle cells does LH influence? FSH?

A

LH influences both theca and granulosa. FSH only stimulates granulose cells.

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16
Q

How does LH act on Theca cell?

A

cholesterol –> (SCC) –>pregnenolone –(3beta HSD)–> progesterone –(17alpha hydroxylase)–> 17alpha hydroxyprogesterone –(C17.20 lyase)–> androstenedione –> testosterone

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17
Q

How does LH act on granulosa cell?

A

It turns cholesterol into progesterone

cholesterol –(SCC)–> pregnenolone –(3beta HSD)–>progesterone

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18
Q

How does FSH act on granulosa cell?

A

It also helps turn cholesterol to progesterone and testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone.
1. cholesterol –(SCC)–> pregnenolone –(3betaHSD)–>progesterone
2. androstenedione –(aromatase)–> estrone
testosterone –(aromatase) –> estradiol
(the androgens are translocated from theca cell)

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19
Q

How does granulosa affect oocyte?

A

a. nourishes it

b. excretes chemical messages for oocytes and theca cells

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20
Q

what kind of fluid do granulosa cells secrete?

A

antral fluid

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21
Q

What do estrogen and FSH do via granulosa cell?

A

They stimulate early and middle follicular phases.

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22
Q

How does granulosa cell stop FSH secretion?

A

It makes inhibin

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23
Q

What kind of changes does LH induce at granulosa cells?

A

Changes in oocyte and follicle that culminate in ovulation and formation of corpus luteum.

24
Q

How do granulosa cells get in touch directly with oocyte?

A

cytoplasmic processes can penetrate zone pellucid and contact oocyte via gap junctions.

25
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular and luteal

26
Q

What are levels of LH, FSH and E2 during ovarian cycle?

A

LH - at follicular, low, high at ovulation, low at luteal
FSH - at follicular, low, high at ovulation, low at luteal
E2 - low in follicular but rising towards ovulation. Peaks before ovulation. Then falls and rises during luteal phase to stabilize.

27
Q

What are levels of LH, FSH, E2 and progesterone during ovarian cycle?

A

LH - at follicular, low, high at ovulation, low at luteal
FSH - at follicular, low, high at ovulation, low at luteal
E2 - low in follicular but rising towards ovulation. Peaks before ovulation. Then falls and rises during luteal phase to stabilize.
Progesterone - low until after ovulation when it rises

28
Q

What happens to oocyte at ovulation?

A

a. oocyte is squeezed out of follicle and leads corpus luteum behind
b. scars ovary, leaving stigma
c. cumulus mass follows rupture

29
Q

What regulates the corpus luteum after ovulation?

A

FSH and LH (gonadotropins)

30
Q

How does FSH affect corpus luteum?

A

stimulates follicular lutein cells to produce progesterone and estradiol.

31
Q

How does LH affect corpus luteum?

A

It stimulates theca lutein cells to produce progesterone and androstenedione. The androstenedione translocates to the follicular cell and through aromatase becomes estradiol.

32
Q

How do prolactin and placental lactogens during pregnancy affect the corpus luteum?

A

They upregulate the production of estrogen receptors in order to increase the effects of estrogen.

33
Q

What is the role of estradiol vis a vis cholesterol?

A

Estradiol stimulates follicular lutein cell to take up cholesterol from blood, store it in lipid droplets and then transport it to mitochondria for progesterone synthesis.

34
Q

How do granulosa and theca cells work together during follicular phase of ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular granulosa cell only has FSH receptors.
Follicular theca cell only has LH receptors.
Thecal cell converts cholesterol to androgen via LH. There is low aromatase activity.
Androgen made in theca cell translocates to granulosa cell. In granulosa cell, androgen is made into estrogen with aromatase.

35
Q

How do granulosa and theca cells work together during luteal phase of ovarian cycle?

A

Theca cell only has LH receptors. Granulosa has both FSH and LH receptors. Theca cell turns cholesterol to progesterone via LH. Then it turns the progesterone to androgen and that androgen translocates to granulosa cell, where it becomes estrogen with aromatase. In granulosa cell, LH receptors convert cholesterol to progesterone.

36
Q

What are the four phases of the menstrual/uterine cycle? how long do they last?

A

menstrual days 1-5
proliferative days 5-14
secretory days 14-27
ischemic days 27-28

37
Q

Let’s look at menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle together. When FSH is released by anterior pituitary, what ovarian phase is occurring?

A

follicular. follicles are maturing

38
Q

with which menstrual phase does follicular phase coincide?

A

it coincides with menstrual and proliferative phases. during follicular phase, follicles mature and release estrogen, which coincides with proliferative phase.

39
Q

what does estrogen secretion from maturing follicles lead to?

A

LH surge, after which begins the luteal phase.

40
Q

with what menstrual phase does the luteal phase coincide?

A

with the secretory and ischemic phases.

41
Q

why are estrogen and progesterone low during menstrual phase of uterine cycle? What happens when these hormones drop?

A

because corpus luteum is involuting
when hormones drop, endometrial lining sloughs off and FSH and LH secretion can recommence, stimulating follicle maturation

42
Q

when does single follicle become dominant?

A

on day 7

43
Q

Why does plasma estrogen rise in days 7-12?

A

Dominant follicle secretes estrogen, causing endometrium to proliferate.

44
Q

Why do LH and FSH decrease during days 7-12?

A

Estrogen and inhibit negative feedback. This also causes non dominant follicles to suffer atresia.

45
Q

What happens because of the LH surge that follows the rise in plasma estrogen?

A

the oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division and cytoplasmic maturation. The follicle secretes digestive enzymes and prostaglandins.

46
Q

What mediates ovulation on day 14?

A

follicular enzymes and prostaglandins

47
Q

what forms between days 15-25?

A

the corpus luteum, via LH. It causes estrogen and progesterone levels to rise and a secretory endometrium to develop. When estrogen and progesterone go up, they inhibit FSH and LH, so there is no further follicle maturation.

48
Q

What happens between days 25 and 28?

A

the corpus luteum degenerates. plasma estrogen and progesterone decrease. Endometrium starts to slough off. FSH and LH are no longer inhibited and cycle can begin again.

49
Q

With what kind of receptors does estrogen interact?

A

Nuclear receptors

50
Q

What are the two estrogen genes? where are they located? what do they encode?

A

Two genes are ESR1 and ESR2. They are on different chromosomes. ESR1 encodes ERalpha and ESR2 encodes ERbeta.

51
Q

How do the estrogen receptors differ?

A

They have different tissue distributions and transcriptional effects.

52
Q

Where can ERalpha be found?

A

Primarily female reproductive tract - uterus, vagina, and ovaries. Also, mammary glands, hypothalamus, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle.

53
Q

Where can ERbeta be found?

A

Primarily in prostate and ovaries, but also in lungs, brain, bone and vasculature.

54
Q

How does estrogen receptor reside in nucleus?

A

It is an inactive monomer bound to HSP90. When it binds to estrogen, its conformation changes and it dissociates from HSP90. The receptor dimerizes. The affinity and rate of receptor binding to DNA increase.

55
Q

What are the two progesterone receptors? How do they differ?

A

hPRA and hPRB
hPRB contains an extra 164 aa at the N-terminus. within this region is AF-3, which is unique to PRB. Both receptors have the following domains: AF-1, DBD, AF-2, LBD.

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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