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microbiology > Lecture Test 4 Part Two > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Part Two Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four immunities?

A

natural active immunity
natural passive immunity
artificial active immunity
artificial passive immunity

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2
Q

what is natural active immunity?

A

getting the infection

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3
Q

describe natural active immunity

A

acquiring the disease and having the immune system actively produce antibodies and killer t cells against the microorganism and produce memory B and T cells for long lived protection

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4
Q

Natural active immunity is:

A

permanent with some diseases

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5
Q

what are some examples of natural active immunity

A

chickenpox, measles, rosela

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6
Q

what is natural passive immunity?

A

mother to child

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7
Q

describe natural passive immunity

A

a special bond between a mother and baby. Mom may provide antibodies to protect her infant.

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8
Q

what are the two ways a mother may provide temporary protection for her baby?

A

in utero

breastfeeding

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9
Q

how does a mother protect her baby while in utero?

A

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta

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10
Q

how does a mother protect her baby while breastfeeding?

A

IgA antibodies from clostrum and breast milk

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11
Q

what is artificial passive immunity?

A

immunotherapy

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12
Q

describe artificial passive immunity?

A

pooled antibodies contain immunoglobon extracted from pooled blood

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13
Q

artificial passive immunity is treatment of choice for

A

prevention of measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients

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14
Q

what is an example of artificial passive immunity?

A

sera from horses are available for diphtheria, botulism, and spider and snake bites

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15
Q

what is artificial active immunity?

A

vaccination

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16
Q

what is a vaccination?

A

deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

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17
Q

Artificial PASSIVE immunity acts:

A

immediately and protection lasts 2-3 months

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18
Q

describe artificial active immunity

A

principle is to stimulate a strong enough response by the immune system to produce memory B and T cells for protection to any future exposure

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19
Q

with artificial active immunity response to a future exposure

A

will be immediate, powerful and sustained

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20
Q

what are most vaccines prepared from?

A
  • killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
  • live, attenuated cells or viruses
  • antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses
  • genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents
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21
Q

killed or inactivated viruses:

A

cultivate the desired strain, treat it with formalin or some other agent that kills the agent but does not destroy its antigenisity

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22
Q

killed or inactivated viruses often require

A

a larger dose and more boosters to be effective

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23
Q

live attenuated cells or viruses:

A

eliminates virulence factors

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24
Q

What are some advantages of live preparations?

A
  • organisms can multiply and produce infection but not disease
  • long lasting protection
  • requires fewer doses and boosters
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25
Q

what are some disadvantages of live attenuated cells or viruses?

A
  • require special storage
  • can be transited to other people
  • can mutate back to virulent strain
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26
Q

what are the subunits of a virus?

A

capsule
surface protein
exotoxin

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27
Q

what diseases contain capsules

A

pneumococcus

meningococcus

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28
Q

what diseases contain surface proteins?

A

anthrax and hepatitis b

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29
Q

what diseases have exotoxin?

A

diptheria and tetanus

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30
Q

live antigen can be taken from

A

cultures
genetic engineering
synthesized

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31
Q

what are genetically engineered vaccines?

A

insert genes for pathogen’s antigen into plasma vector and clone them in an appropriate host

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32
Q

what is an adjuvant?

A

product added to all vaccines that provide an initial response from the immune system. localized reaction

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33
Q

since the 1930s the only adjuvant approved by the FDA is

A

alum

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34
Q

the FDA recently approved a new adjuvant called

A

Lipid A

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35
Q

what is Lipid A?

A

the outer membrane of endotoxin which is the outer membrane of gram negative cells

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36
Q

what does HIV need to produce its RNA from DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

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37
Q

what is the lytic phase?

A

actively reproducing in the host cell

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38
Q

what are the five parts of the lytic phase?>

A 
absorption
penetration/uncoating
duplication
assembly
release
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39
Q

what is absorption?

A

virus binds to specific host cells with either viral spikes (enveloped) or knobs (naked virus)

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40
Q

what is penetration and uncoating?

A

the DNA enters

41
Q

what is duplication?

A

virus reproduces his genes and proteins

42
Q

what is assembly?

A

virus puts himself together

43
Q

what is release?

A

virus is released from host cell

44
Q

how does an enveloped virus release from the host cell?

A

buds out

45
Q

how does a naked virus release from a host cell?

A

lysis

46
Q

why do most people day that viruses aren’t alive?

A
  • because they have no kingdom or domain
  • unable to exist independently from host
  • cannot multiply w/o host
  • contain only parts needed to invade and control the host
47
Q

what is the size of a virus?

A

nanometers

you must have an electron microscope to see them

48
Q

what is the two sections of a virus?

A

covering

central core

49
Q

what is in the covering of a virus?

A

capsid

envelope

50
Q

what is a capsid?

A

composed of protein
all viruses have one
surrounds the nucleic acid

51
Q

what is the envelope?

A

surrounds the capsid
composed of host cell’s membrane
not all viruses have one

52
Q

what is in the central core?

A

nucleic acid molecule

various proteins

53
Q

what is the nucleic acid molecule?

A

generic info for the virus
either DNA or RNA
single or double stranded

54
Q

what are various proteins

A

contain enzymes for specific operations within the host cell such as copying nucleic acid

55
Q

what is the lysogenic phase?

A

dormant phase where the virus inserts its genes into the host’s genes. This step occurs after penetration

56
Q

DNA viruses:

A

multiply in the nucleus

are double stranded except for parvoviruses

57
Q

RNA viruses:

A

multiply in the cytoplasm

single stranded except for dsRNA reoviruses

58
Q

viruses are limited to

A

a particular host or cell type

59
Q

what are some common manifestations of viruses?

A

rashes, fever, muscle ache, swollen lymph nodes

60
Q

what are the body’s defenses?

A

interferon, natural killer cells, antibodies and cytotoxic t cells

61
Q

what are two types of persistent infection?

A

chronic infection

latent infection

62
Q

what is chronic infection?

A

virus is detectable in tissue samples, multiplying at a slow rate; symptoms are mild or absent

63
Q

what is a latent infection?

A

after a lytic cycle, virus enters a dormant phase; generally not detectable, can reactivate

64
Q

what are pox viruses?

A

produce skin pustules that leave scars

65
Q

what is the first disease to be eradicated?

A

smallpox

66
Q

what is small pox also known as?

A

variola

67
Q

how is smallpox acquired?

A

inhalation or skin contact

68
Q

what are the symptoms of smallpox?

A

rash, fever, mailase, prostration

69
Q

what is variola major?

A

highly virulent, causes toxemia, shock and intravascular coagulation

70
Q

what is variola minor?

A

less virulent

71
Q

who discovered the vaccine for smallpox?

A

Edward jenner

72
Q

how was the vaccine for smallpox discovered?

A

work with vaccina

73
Q

what is vaccine?

A

cowpox

74
Q

what other pox diseases are humans susceptible to?

A

monkeypox

cowpox

75
Q

what is monkey pox?

A

skin pox
fever
swollen lymphnodes

76
Q

what is cowpox?

A

rare, usually confined to hands; other cutaneous sites

77
Q

what is the treatment for pox viruses?

A

there is none

78
Q

what are herpes viruses?

A

there are eight
all members cause recurrent infections
common among AIDS patents

79
Q

what is herpes simplex?

A

HSV-1

HSV-2

80
Q

what is HSV-1?

A

lesions in oral area

occurs in early childhood

81
Q

what is HSV-2?

A

lesions in the genital area

occurs in ages 14-29

82
Q

can HSV-2 be spread when no lesions are visible?

A

yes

83
Q

How is herpes simplex acquired?

A

direct exposure to secretions containing the virus

84
Q

where does HSV-1 enter the body?

A

the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal)

85
Q

where does HSV-2 enter the body?

A

lumbosacral spinal nerve trunk ganglia

86
Q

what can trigger a herpes simplex outbreak?

A

stress, fever, uv radiation and mechanical injury

87
Q

what is type 1 herpes?

A

herpes labialis

88
Q

what is herpes labialis?

A

fever blisters and cold sores

most common HSV-1 virus

89
Q

what is type 2 herpes?

A

genital herpes

90
Q

what triggers genital herpes?

A

menstration
stress
concurrent bacterial infection

91
Q

what are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A

blistering and swelling of the groin
painful urination
ulcerated vesicles
itching

92
Q

what happens in recurrent bouts of genital herpes?

A

they are less severe

93
Q

what is herpes of the newborn?

A

HSV-1 and HSV-2

can be fatal in the neonate and fetus

94
Q

what does a patent need if pregnant with herpes?

A

neonatal screening and potential c section

95
Q

what is HSV-1 encephalitis?

A

rare complication that results in disseminated herpes

96
Q

what is the treatment for herpes simplex?

A

acyclovir

97
Q

what is the vaccine for herpes simplex?

A

none

98
Q

what is varicella?

A

chickenpox

microbiology (7 decks)

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