FINAL!!!! Flashcards
What is the definition of microbiology?
specialized area of biology that deals with living things too small to be seen with the naked eye.
What is the study of bacteria?
bacteriology
what is the study of vises?
virology
what is the study of fungi?
mycology
what is the study of algae?
phycology
what is the study of protozoa?
protozoology
what is the study of helminths?
parasitology
what is bacteria measured in?
micrometers
what are viruses measured in?
nanometers
what is spontaneous generation?
living things appear from nonliving matter
what is biogenesis?
living things arise from other living things of the same kind
What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology?
Invented the first handheld microscope.
Father of bacteriology and protozoology
What did Louis Pasteur contribute to microbiology?
- disproved spontaneous generation
- pasteurization
- germ theory of disease
What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?
- verified germ theory of disease
- Koch’s postulates
- developed lab techniques
what etiological agent did Robert Koch use in his experiments?
Bacilus anthracis (anthrax)
what is a pathogen?
an organism that can cause disease in a normal healthy individual
what is normal flora?
microbes that normally live in or on a human and do not normally cause disease
what is taxonomy?
formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things
what is the order of the taxa?
Did Popeye come over for green spinach Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is the domain bacteria?
prokaryotic; true bacteria
what is domain archaea?
prokaryotic; bacteria that lives in extreme environments
what is domain eukarya?
eukaryotic; has a nucleus and organelles
what are the five I’s?
Innoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Information gathering Identification
what is inoculation?
introduce bacteria into media using a loop or needle
what is incubation?
heating the media at 37 degrees allowing bacteria to grow
what is isolation?
isolate a single colony to obtain a pure culture
what is a pure culture?
one microbe growing on the culture media
what is a mixed culture?
more than one microbe growing on the culture media
what are the three types of media?
liquid
semisolid
solid
which type of media has the most agar?
solid
where is agar derived from?
red algae gelidium
who first used agar?
fanny hesse robert koch’s assistant’s wife
what is the difference between simple and differential stains?
a simple stain only uses one dye and distinguishes cell shape arrangement and size. Differential uses two dyes and distinguishes cell types or parts
What is the primary stain?
first stain you use
what is a counter stain?
the second stain you use
what stain did hans christian gram invent?
the gram stain
who developed the petri dish?
richard petri
What are the three basic bacterial shapes?
coccus
bacillus
spiral or curved shape
what is the atypical shape?
pleomorphic rods
what are pleomorphic rods?
cells of the same species vary in shape and size
what are the three spiral shapes?
vibrio
spirillum
spirochete
what is vibrio?
comma shaped
what is spirillum?
rigid spiral or helix shape. Cells do not bend; amphitricious
what is spirochette?
flexible spring shape; endoflagella
what is a single coccus?
single round cell
what is diplococcus?
two round cells
what is streptococcus?
chain of round cells
what is staphylococcus:?
cluster of round cells
what is a tetrad?
packet of four round cells
what is a sarcina?
cube of 8 or 16 round cells
what is a single bacillus?
one oblong cell
what is a diplobacillus?
two oblong cells
what is a streptobacillus?
chain of oblong cells
what is a palisade?
match sticks or picket fence of oblong cells
Motile bacteria will
flip, rotate, and go straight (run and tumble)
Non motile bacteria will:
vibrate (Brownian’s movement)
what are fimbriae?
many short hairs used for attachment to the environment
what are pili?
a single, long, hollow appendage used for attachement to another bacteria to exchange DNA during conjugation
What is comprised of the cell envelope?
cell wall
cell membrane
what is the glycocaylyx?
a coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and proteins
Do all cells have a glycocaylyx?
no
what is the function of the glycocaylyx?
to allow cell to adhere to the environment
what is the function of the cell wall?
to determine the shape and prevent lysis due to changing osmotic pressures
what is the major molecule in the cell wall?
peptidoglycan layer
Gram positive bacteria?
thick peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acid
no outer membrane
Gram negative bacteria:
thin peptidoglycan layer
no teichoic acid
outer membrane exteranal to the cell wall
what is the cell membrane composed of?
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
what is the primary function of the cell membrane?
selectively allows passage of molecules into and out of the cell
what are the two types of DNA found in the nucleoid?
chromosome
plasmid
what is a chromosome?
single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the genetic information required of the cell
what is a plasmid?
Free, small, circular, double stranded DNA that is very important to bacterial resistance
what is the function of a plasmid?
genetic engineering–readily manipulated and transfered from cell to cell
what is the function of a ribosome?
it is the site of protein synthesis
what is the function of endospores?
when exposed to adverse environments, it is capable of high resistance and long term survival
what are the six environmental factors that effect microbes existance?
nutrients osmotic pressure temp pH gas other organisms
what are macronutrients?
required in large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism
what are micronutrients?
required in smaller amounts for enzyme function and maintenece of protein structure
what are some examples of macronutrients?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer
what are some examples of micronutrients?
calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, nickel
what are some examples of passive transport?
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
what is diffusion?
net movement of solute molecules from their area of higher concentration to lower concentration
what is facilitated diffusion?
the movement of larger solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration with the help of a transport protein
what is osmosis?
net movement of water molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
what are some examples of active transport?
active transport and bulk transport
what is active transport?
the movement of solute molecules from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration with the help of a membrane protein pump
what is bulk transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
what is endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
what is phagocytosis?
cell eating
what is pinocytosis?
cell drinking
what is exocytosis?
things move out of the cell
what is a halophile?
lives in high salt environment
what is an osmophile?
lives in high concentration of several solutes
what is a psycrophile?
-15-20 degrees celcius
what is a mesophile?
10-50 degrees celcius
what is a thermophile?
45 to 80 degrees celcius
what is a hyperthermophile?
67 to 105 degrees
what is a neutrophile?
pH 6-8
what is a acidophile?
pH 0-2
what is a alkalinophile?
pH 8-11
what is an aerobe?
requires oxygen for growth
what is a microaerophile?
requires less oxygen than is found in air
what is a falcutative anaerobe?
grows with or without oxygen
what is an aerotolerant anaerobe?
does not use oxygen for growth; can tolerate oxygen
what is a strict anaerobe?
dies in the presence of oxygen
what are the four parts of the growth curve?
lag phase
exponential phase
stationary phase
death phase
what is the lag phase?
no rise in the number of cells
what is the exponential phase?
cells divide at maximun rate
what is the stationary phase?
growth=death
what is the death phase?
cell death is greater than cell growth
what is binary fission?
the bacteria’s way of asexual division
what is metabolism?
all chemical and physical workings of a cell
what are the two types of chemical reactions?
catabolism and anabolism
what is cataboliasm?
breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy
what is anabolism?
synthesis; forms larger molecules from smaller molecules; requires ATP
what is the biological catalyst?
the enzyme composed of protein
what are coenzymes?
NAD and FAD
when carrying their electrons, NAD is rewritten as
NADH
when carrying their electrons, FAD is rewritten as
FADH
NAD and FAD will carry their electrons in the form of
two hydrogen atoms
what are the three paths of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
respiratory chain
what are the three paths of anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
respiratory chain
what are the paths of fermentation?
glycolysis
what is glycolysis?
9 chemical reactions in a branched pathway
does glycolysis need oxygen?
no
what is the starting molecule of glycolysis?
glucose
what is the product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acids
what is the energy used in glycolysis?
2 ATP
what is energy made during glycolysis?
4 ATP
2NADH
what is the net energy of glycolysis?
2 ATP
2 NADH
where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
what is kreb’s cycle?
9 chemical reactions occuring in a cycle pathway.
occurs in the cytoplasm
what is the starting molecule for Kreb’s?
2 pyruvic acid
what is the product of Kreb’s?
6 CO2
what is the energy used during Kreb’s?
none
what is the energy made during Kreb’s?
8 NADH
2 FADH
2ATP
what is the net energy of Kreb’s?
8 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
what is the electon transport chain?
linear shaped pathway that occurs in the cell membrane
what is the exchange rate for coenzymes in the electron transport chain?
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH = 2 ATP
what is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration?
several possibilities but never oxygen
what is the total energy made during aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
what is the total energy made during anaerobic respiration?
less than 38 ATPs
what is the total energy made during fermentation?
small amount of ATP
does fermentation need oxygen?
no
what are some fermentative products?
sacchromyces cereviseae
lactobacillus acidopholus
acetobacterium
propionibacterium
what is sacchromyces cereviseae?
CO2+ethanol; used to make bread and adult beverages
what is lactobacillus acidophilus?
lactic acid; used to make yogurt and buttermilk
what is acetobacterium?
acetic acid; used to make dill pickles and sauerkraut
what is propionibacterium?
propionic acid; used to make swiss cheese
what DNA is replicated by rolling circle?
plasmid during conjugation
what DNA is replicated during replicon?
chromosome during binary fission
what is a spontaneous mutation?
a random change in the DNA arising from mistakes in replication
what are induced mutations?
exposure to known mutagens
what are mutagens?
any chemical or radiation that causes changes in DNA
what is a beneficial mutation?
creates an advantage for the microbe
what is a neutral mutation?
no significant change
what is a harmful mutation?
creates a disadvantage for the microbe
what is a lethal mutation?
kills the microbe
what is conjugation?
donor transfers plasmid through pilus
what is transformation?
chromosome fragements from a lysed cell are accepted by a recipient cell
who had a classic experiment with transformation?
frederick griffin
what is transduction?
involves a virus picking up a bacterial donor’s DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacterium
what is a bacteriophage?
type of virus that only affects bacteria
what is transposons?
DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another (jumping genes)
who discovered transposons?
barbara mclintock
what is the hardest microbial structure to kill?
endospores
what is an anitseptic?
chemicals applied to directly exposed body surfaces to inhibit bacterial growth
what is a disinfectant?
physical process or chemical agent that kills vegetative cells but not endospores
what is a sterilant?
kills all viable microorganisms
what is a virucide?
kills or inactivates viruses
what is a bactericide?
kills bacteria but not endospores
what is a fungicide?
kills hypae, yeasts and fungal spores
what is a sporocide?
kills endospores
what is a germicide?
kills pathogenic organisms on animate and inanimate objects
what is bacteriostatic?
prevents the growth of bacteria
what is fungistatic?
prevents the growth of fungi
what are the areas of the bacterial structure on which agents can kill the microbe?
cell wall
cell membrane
nucleic acid synthesis
alter protein structure
what are the physical antimicrobial agents?
heat cold desiccation radiation filtration
what are tht two types of heat?
dry
moist
what are some examples of moist heat?
autoclaving
intermittent sterilization
pasteurization
what is autoclaving?
a type of sterilization that uses steam under pressure in a specialized chamber
what is intermittent sterilization?
a type of disinfectant created by John Tyndall where the specimen is exposed to free flowing steam over a course of three days
what is pasteurization?
involves special vats to heat liquid quickly to reduce the microbial load
what are the three methods of pasteurization?
batch
flash
ultrahigh temperature
what is boiling water?
type of disinfection that uses a bath for 30 min
what are some examples of dry heat?
dry oven
incineration
what is dry oven?
type of sterilization
2-4 hours at 150-180
what is incineration?
type of sterilization
bunsen burners or furnace incinerators
what is the cold method?
slows the gorwth of microorganisms
refrigeration and freezing
what is the dessication method?
gradual removal of water from cells
not an effective method because cells will regrow when water is reintroduced
what is the radiation method?
causes mutations
ionizing or noniionizing
what is ionizing radiation?
penetrates barriers
what is nonionizing radiation?
does not penetrate barriers
what is the filtration method?
straining liquid or air through a filter
type of sterilization
what are halogens?
chlorine
iodine
fluorine
bromine
what is chlorine?
liquid and gas used for large scale disinfectant of drinking water, swimming pools, restarants, canning, wounds and root canals
what is an example of chlorine?
chlorox
what is iodine?
iodophor
tincture iodine
aqueous iodine
what is iodophor?
betadine and povidone
what is tincture iodine?
2-3% iodine in 70% alcohol
what is aqueous iodine?
2-3% iodine in water
what is iodine used for?
skin prep, burns, vaginal infections, surgical hand scrubbing, disinfect equipment
what is fluorine?
used in toothpaste and drinking water
what is bromine?
used in hot tubs
what is phenol?
originally used by Joseph Lister. Used in antibacterial soaps and disinfectants.
what are some examples of phenol?
pHisoHex
lysol
triclisan
what is chlorohexidine?
chlorine and two phenolic rings; cleanser of choice for MRSA
what are some examples of chlorohexidine?
hibiclens
hibitane
what are alcohols?
have OH functional group. reduces microbes on skin, thermometers, hand sanitizers
what do we use to disinfect our lab tables?
70% ethanol
what is hydrogen peroxide?
colorless caustic liquid that decomposes in the presence of light or metals.
what are aldehydes?
glutaradehyde
formaldehyde
what is glutaradehyde?
yellow acidic liquid used in a chemiclave that kills endospores.
what are some examples of a glutaraldehyde?
cidex and sporacidin
what is formaldehyde?
gas that dissolves to form formalin; main ingredient in embalming fluid
what are some gaseous agents?
ethylene oxide
chlorine dioxide
what is ethylene oxide?
highly explosive gas classified as a carcinogen that sterilizes prepackaged plastic medical supplies and disinfects spices, dried fruits, and drugs
what is chlorine dioxide?
gas that was used to decontaminate the senate offices after the anthrax attacks in 2001
what are some heavy metals?
mercury, silver and zinc
what is mercury used for?
mercurochrome
merthiolate
what is mercuochrome?
monkey’s blood
what is merthiolate?
thimerosal
what is silver?
silver nitrate in newborns
siver sulfadiazine in burn patients
what is zinc?
zinc oxide in bourdeaux’s butt paste
what are the best detergents?
quaternary ammonium compounds
what is the most common detrgent?
benzalkonium chloride
what are some common soaps?
sodium lauryl sulfate
what is a chemotheraputic agent?
any chemical used in the treatment of a disease
what is an antibiotic?
metabolic product of one microorganism that inhibits or destroys other microorganism
what are the most prolific producers of antibiotics?
bacteria and molds
what are the three ways an antibiotic is produced?
natural, semisynthetic and synthetic
what are the mechanisms of action of chemotheraputic drugs?
cell wall cell membrane protein synthesis nucleic acid cytoplasm
what does penicillin consist of?
thiazolidine ring
beta-lactam ring
variable side chain
what are the primary problems of penicillin?
allergy and resistance
what are cephlasporins?
four generations that consist of a six carbon ring, beta-lactam ring, and two variable side chains
what are first generation cephlasporins?
cephalothin, cefazolin
what are first generation cephlasporins used to treat
gram-positive cocci
what are second generation cephlasporins?
cefaclor, cefonacid
what are second generation cephlasporins used to treat?
gram-negative bacteria
what are third generation cephlasporins?
cephalexin, ceftriaxone
what are third generation cephlasporins used to treat?
broad spectrum against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamases
what are fourth generation cephlasporins?
cefepime
what are fourth generation cephlasporins used to treat?
both gram negative and gram positive
what are tetracyclines?
broad spectrum drug produced by streptomyces
what are some examples of tetracycline?
doxycycline
minocycline
what are the primary problems with tetracycline?
GI disruption, staining of teeth, fetal bone development
what are aminoglycosides?
broad-spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis, useful against aerobic gram negative rods
what are some examples of aminoglycosides?
streptomycin
gentamycin
tobramycin
neomycin
what are the primary problems of aminoglycosides?
diarrhea, hearing loss, dizziness, kidney damage
what is nystatin?
fungal drug used topically or orally for treatment of yeast infections
what is amphotericin B?
most versatile and effective type of antifungal drug (gold standard)
what is acyclovir?
viral drug used to treat herpes infections
what is azidothymidine?
AZT viral drug used to treat AIDS
what is a superinfection?
infection caused by overgrowth of drug resistant bacteria
what is a nosocomial infection?
an infection incurred while being treated in a hospital
what is a true pathogen?
any agent capable of causing disease in a healthy person with a healthy immune system
what is an opportunistic pathogen?
one that invades the tissues when body defenses are suppressed
what is an infection
condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the hosts defenses, enter tissue and multiply
what is disease?
deviation from health due to malfunction of a tissue or organ caused by microbes
what is virulent?
the degree of pathogenicity of a parasite
what is avirulent?
lacking the ability to cause disease
what is a mixed infection?
several agents establish a simultaneous infection
what is a primary infection?
initial infection
what is a secondary infection?
second infection
what is a localized infection?
microbe confined to a specific tissue
what is a systemic infection?
pathogen spreads to many sites or systems
where would you find normal flora?
most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment
where would you not find normal flora?
internal organs, tissues, fluids
what is the route of a pathogen?
portal of entry infectious dose virulence factors establish in organs disease portal of exit
what is the portal of entry?
site at which the parasite enters the host. Most microbes have a specific portal
what is the infectious dose?
minimum number of microbes needed to cause disease
what are the mechanisms of adhesion?
fimbriae, flagella, glycocalyx, cilia, suckers, hooks, barbs and spikes
what are virulence factors?
adhesion exoenzyme exotoxin endotoxin antibiotic resistance antiphagotic factors
what are virulence factors used for?
tissue penetration
what is adhesion?
binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen at the portal of entry
what is tissue penetration?
exoenzymes
what are exoenzymes?
enzymes that chemically break down the host’s barriers and promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissues
what are some examples of exoenzymes?
mucinase
keratinase
collagenase
hyaluronidase
what is mucinase?
dissolves muccous coating
what is keratinase?
dissolves keratin of the skin or hair
what is collagenase?
dissolves collagen
what is hyaluronidase?
digests hyaluronic acid
what is exotoxin?
protein secreted that goes to the target tissue
what are some examples of exotoxin?
hemotoxins
enterotoxins
neurotoxins
cytotoxins
what are hemotoxins?
lyse blood cells
what are enterotoxins?
affect intestinal tissue
what are neurotoxins?
affectnerve tissue
what are cytotoxins?
affect general tissues
what is endotoxin?
part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls. Only released when microbe is damaged or falling apart. Causes systemic effects like septic shock
what is antibiotic resistance?
genes that allow the microbe to avoid destruction by an antibiotic
what are antiphagotic factors?
used to avoid phagocytosis
what is an example of an antiphagotic factor?
leukocidins–toxic to white blood cells
what makes phagocytosis difficult?
slime layer or capsule
what is establishment in target organs?
microbes settle in their target organ of choice and continue to cause damage at the site
what is portal of exit?
pathogens depart by a specific avenue many times the same as portal of entry
what are some examples of portal of exit?
respiratory droplets skin scales fecal urogenital blood
what are the classic stages of clinical infection?
incubation period
prodromal stage
period of invasion
convalescent period
what is the incubation period?
time from initial contact and the appearance of first symptoms . Agent is multiplying but damage doesn’t cause symtoms
what is the prodromal stage?
earliest symptoms of infection
what is the period of invasion?
microbe multiplies at highest rate and is well established in target tissue
what is the convalescent period?
immune system overpowers the microbe, symptoms begin to fade, strength returns and body goes back to normal
what is a communicable disease?
contagious
what is a noncommunicable disease?
not contagious
what is immunology?
the study of all biological, chemical, and physical events surronding the function of the immune system
what is part of the immune system?
every organ, tissue and fluid
what are the four major subdivisions of the immune system?
reticuloendothelial system
extracellular fluid
bloodstream
lymphatic system
what is the reticuloendothelial system?
connective tissue fibers that interconnect other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network of surrounding organs
what inhabits the reticuloendothelial system?
mononuclear phagocyte system
what is the mononuclear phagocyte system?
macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that pass the first line of defense
what is hemopoiesis?
production of blood cells
what are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells; precurser of new blood cells
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
what are some types of leukocytes?
granulocytes
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes and macrophages
what are granulocytes?
lobed nucleus
what are some types of granulocytes?
neutophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
what are neutrophils?
55-90% of leukocytes
phagocytes
what are eosinophils?
1-3% of leukocytes
they destroy eukaryotic pathogens
what are basophils?
0.5% of leukocytes
they release hystamine
what are mast cells?
nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue
what are agranulocytes?
unlobed, rounded nucleus
what are lymphocytes?
20-35%of leukocytes
they have a specific immune response
what are some examples of lymphocytes?
B and T cells
what do B cells do?
produce antibodies
what do T cells do?
modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
what are monocytes and macrophages?
3-7% of leukocytes
largest of WBCs witha kidney-shaped nucleus. phagocytic
what are macrophages?
final differentiation of monocytes
what are dendrite cells?
trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions
what is the first line of defense?
physical barrier
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier
genetic barrier
what is a physical barrier?
if intact, microbes cannot pentrate
what is an example of a physical barrier?
skin
mucous membrane
what is a mechanical barrier?
movement of cilia, flushing with urine or feces, blinking, coughing sneezing
what is a chemical barrier?
lysosyme, acid, salt, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices
what are genetic barriers?
many microbes will only infect specifc species (ex Parvo)
what is the second line of defense?
inflammation phagocytosis compplement system fever interferon natural killer cells
what is inflammation?
redness
warmth
swelling
pain
what is redness?
rubor- increased circulation and vasodialation
what is warmth?
calor- heat given off by increased blood flow
what is swelling?
tumor- increased fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dialate. prevents the spread of infection
what is pain?
dolor-stimulation of nerve endings
what are the major events of inflammation?
injury
vascular reactions
edema
resolution/scar formation
what is injury?
cytokines released by tissue cells; vasoconstriction
what is vascular reaction?
vasodialation and seepage of fluid out of vessels
what is edema?
infiltration of neutrophils and accumulation of pus
what is resolution/scar formation?
macrophages clean up; tissue is repaired
what is diapedesis?
migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues
what a chemotaxis?
migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection
what are cytokines?
chemical mediators that regulate, stimulate and limit immune reactions. Produced by WBCs
what are some examples of cytokines?
histamine
interleukin 1
interleukin 2
what is histamine?
produced during inflammation and allergy it causes vasodialation and increased permeability
what is interleukini 1?
produced by macrophages it stimulates T and B cells
what is interleukin 2?
produced by helper T cells, it stimulates T and B cells
what are the general activities of phagocytes?
survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, to ingest and eliminate these microbes, to extract immunogenetic information from foreign matter
what do neutrophils do?
general-purpose; react early to bacteria and damaged tissue
what do eosinophils do?
attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions
what do macrophages do?
scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T cells
what are toll-like receptors?
protein receptors within the cell membrane of macrophages
what are PAMPs?
pathogen-associated patterns
what are teh aspects of the third line of defense?
antigen processing cell
helper t cell activation
b cell activation
cytotoxic t cell activation
what is the antigen processing and presenting stage?
microbes enering the body are recognozed by immune system cells
what is the antigen presenting cell (APC) of the body?
the macrophage
what is the function of the macrophage?
to engulf the microbe, digest it and put a part of the microbe on its surface to present to the lymphocyte
antigen presentation involves a direct collaboration among:
an APC and a T helper cell
interleukin 1 is secreted:
by APC to activate helper T cells
interleukin 2 is produced by:
helper T cells to activate B and T cells
what are the two steps that activate helper T cell?
physical stimulus and chemical stimulus
what is the physical stimulus that activates helper T cells?
physcial contact between helper T and APC
what is the chemical stimulus that activates helper T cells?
APC secretes interleukin 1
During B cell activation and antibody production,
the Bcell phagocytizes and processes the microbe.
what is the physical stimulus that activates B cells?
physical contact between B cell and helper T cell
what is the chemical stimulus that activates b cells?
helper t secretes cytokine (interleukin 2)
Activated B cell undergoes change and produces two types of cells:
plasma cell
memory b cell
what is plasma cell?
produces antibodies
what is memory b cell?
lives long term in the lymph tissue and is activated when a subsequent exposure occurs.
what is the physical stimulus that activates cytotoxic T cell?
APC contacts cytotoxic T cell with antigen
what is the chemical stimulus that activates cytotoxic T cells?
helper T cell secretes interleukin 2
activated cytotoxic t cell produces
killer t cells
memory t cells
memory cells are needed for
long term immunity
what is natural active immunity?
getting the infection
what is natural passive immunity?
mother to child
what is artificial passive immunity?
immunotherapy
what is artificial active immunity?
vaccination
staphylococcus aureus causes which diseases?
staphylococcal food poisoning
staphylococal scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome
what is staphylococal food poisoning?
food intoxication acquired by contaminated food
what are the symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning?
vomitting, diarrhea, cramps
what is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
disease aquired in the newborn by infection of umbilical cord or stump
what are the symptoms of SSSS?
painful, bright red flush over the entire body. Flush will blister and disconnect epidermis
what is toxic shock syndrome?
caused by women using tampons
what are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?
sudden high fever, sunburn-like rash
what localized diseases does streptococcus pyrogenes cause?
pyoderma
erysipelas
necrotizing fascitis
pharyngitis
what is pyoderma?
impetigo; contagious among preschool and school aged children
what are the symptoms of pyoderma?
burning, iotching, papules that form into highly contagious crusts
what are the symptoms of erysipelas?
reddened areas
what are the symptoms of necratizing fascitis?
raised red area around the cut or scrape, fever, pain and swelling (flesh eating disease)
what are the symptoms of pharyngitis?
redness of throat, edema, pain, fever, headache, nausea
what are some systemic diseases caused by streptococcus pyrogenes?
scarlet fever
pneumonia
TSS
what is scarlet fever?
usually occurs after strep throat due to the pyrogenic toxin or erythrogenic toxin
what are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
high fever, bright red rash over the face, trunk, inner arms and legs and tongue that lasts ten days
what is TSS caused by streptococcus pyrogenes?
produces toxic shock syndrome toxin. symptoms are more severe than staphylococcus TSS
what are some long term complications of streptococcus pyrogenes?
rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis
what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?
carditis, arthritis, nodules under the skin, fever
what is acute glomerulonephritis?
disease of the kidney and tubular epithelia caused by immune complex disposition in the kidney
what are the symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?
low urine output, swelling of the hands and feet, increased blood pressure
what diseases does neisseria gonorrheae cause?
genital gonorrhea in males
genitourinary gonorrhea in females
gonococcal eye infections of the newborn
what are the symptoms of genital gonorrhea in men?
urethritis, painful urination, cloudy yellow discharge
what are the symptoms of genitourinary gonnorrhea in women?
painful urination, discharge could lead to PID
what are some extragenital complications of gonorrhea?
conjuctivitis
proctitis
pharyngitis
gingivitis
what is gonococcal eye infection of the newborn?
eye infection that can cause blindness
what is neisseria meningtidis?
causes meningitis
what are the symptoms of meningitis?
fever, strep throat, headache, stiff neck, vomitting, convulsions, coma
what are the vaccines for neisseria meningtidis?
menactra for ages 2-55
menomume for older than 55
what diseases does bacillus anthracis cause?
cutaneous antrax
pulmonary anthrax
gastrointestinal anthrax
what are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
small puple to form black eschar
what is pulmonary anthrax?
wool-sorter’s disease
what are the symptoms of pulmonary anthrax?
fatigue, malaise, fever, aches, and cough, diffuculty breathing, shock
what are the symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?
flu like symptoms, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain
what is the vaccine for bacillus anthracis?
biothrax
what is clostridium perferinges?
causes gas gangrene
what are the symptoms of gas gangrene?
pain, edema, bloody exudate in lesion, fever, tachycardia, blackened tissue with gas bubbles
what is clostridum tetani?
causes tetanus or lockjaw
what are the symptoms of clostridum tetani?
clenching of jaw, arching of back, flexion of arms, death
what is the vaccine for clostridum tetani?
DTaP
what are the symptoms of clostridum difficle?
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, patches of colon sloghs off
what diseases does clostridium botulinum cause?
botulism
infant botulism
what are the symptoms of botulism?
double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, muscular paralysis and respiratory paralysis
what is the vaccine for clostridium botulinium?
none
what diseases does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?
diptheria
what are the symptoms of diptheria?
sore throat, nausea, vomitting, swollen lymph nodes, asphyxiation
what is the vaccine for corynebacterium diptheriae?
DTaP
what diseases does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?
primary tuberculosis
secondary tuberculosis
dessimated tuberculosis
what are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis?
tubercle forms
what are the symptoms of secondary tuberculosis?
violent coughing, green or bloody sputum, fever, anorexia and weight loss
what are the symptoms of dissemated tuberculosis?
death
what is the vaccine for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
BCG vaccine
what diseases does mycobacterium leprae cause?
tuberculoid leprosy
lepromateous leprosy
what are the symptoms of tuberculoid leprosy?
shallow lesions, damaged nerves
what are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy?`
severe disfigurement in the face and extremities
what diseases does psedomonas aeruginosa cause?
rash, UTI, external ear infections, nosocomial infections
what are the symptoms of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
grapelike odor and greenish-blue pigment
what diseases does bordatella pertusis cause?
whooping cough
what are the symptoms of whooping cough?
nasal drainage, congestion, sneezing, cough
what is the vaccine for bordatella pertusis?
DTaP and boostrix
what diseases does legionella pneumophila cause?
legionaires disease
what are the two forms of legionaires disease?
pontiac fever
legionairres pnemonia
what are the symptoms of pontiac fever?
rising fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain
what are the symptoms of legionaires pneumonia?
same as pontiac but leads to pneumonia
what diseases does e. coli cause?
infantile diarrhea traveller's diarrhea urinary tract infections bloody diarrhea illness hemolytic uremic syndrome
what are the symptoms for infantile diarrhea?
nausea, vomitting, watery diarrhea, low grade fever in infants
what are the symptoms of travelers diarrhea?
nausea, vomitting, watery diarrhea, low grade fever in travelers
what are the symptoms of urinary tract infections?
increased frequency to urinate, bladder pressure, pain or burning among voiding
what are the symtpoms of bloody diarrheal illness?
mild gastroenteritis with fever or bloody diarrhea with fever
what are the symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome?
kidney damage and failure
what diseases does salmonella typhi cause?
thphoid fever
what are the symptoms of typhoid fever?
fever, diarrhea, abdomianal pain, ulcerations and perferation of the small intestine
what diseases does shigella dysentariae cause?
bacterial dysentary or shigellosis
what are the symptoms of shigella dysentariae?
crippling abdominal pain, frequent defecation of watery stool filled with blood and heavy mucous
what diseases does yersina pestis cause?
bublonic plague
pnemonic plague
septicemic plague
what are the symptoms of bublonic plague?
bubo develops, fever, chills, headache, weakness
what are the symptoms of the pnemonic plague?
fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, rapid shock and death
what are the symptoms of the septicemic plague?
fever, chills, prostration, abdominal pain , shock and bleeding into other organs. gangrene (black death)
what diseases does haemophilus influenzae cause?
acute bacterial meningitis
what are the symptoms of acute bacterial meningitis?
fever, vomitting, stiff neck, neurological impaiment, coma, death
what is teh vaccine for haemophilus influenzae?
Hib given with DTaP
what diseases does treponema pallidum cause?
primary syphilus
secondary syphilus
tertiary syphilus
what are the symptoms of primary syphilus?
appearnce of chancre at innoculation site
what are the symptoms of secondary syphilus?
rash forms on the skin, palms and soles. fever headache, sore throat
what are the symptoms of tertiary syphilus?
gummas develop
what diseases does borrelila burgdorferi cause?
lymes disease
what are the symptoms of lyme disease?
bulls eye rash, changes in the heartbeat, muscletone to one or both sides of the face are affected
what diseases does vibrio cholerae cause?
cholera
what are the symptoms of cholera?
vomitting, diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps
what diseases does heliobacter pylori cause?
somach ulcers and cancer
what diseases does chlamydia trachomatis cause?
chlamydia nongonococcal urethritis PID ocular trachoma inclusion conjuctivitis
what are the symptoms of PID?
cervicitis, white drainage, inflammed tubes
what are the symptoms of ocular trachoma?
infection of the epithelial cells of eyelids, cornea damage
what are the symptoms of inclusion conjuctivitis?
eye infection of the newborn
what diseases does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
walking pneumonia
what are the symptoms of walking pneumonia?
fever, dore throat, headache, chest pain, earache
what diseases does rickettsia typhi cause?
typhus
what are the symptoms of typus?
fever, headache, mucle aches, malaise, rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the extremities
what diseases does rickettsia rickettsii cause?
rocky mountain spotted fever
what are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?
fever, chills, headache, distinctive spotted rash
what diseases does bartonella henselae cause?
cat scratch disease
what are the symptoms of catscratch disease?
cluster of small pupules at the site, lymph nodes swell and become pus filled
what does the fungal pathogen histoplasma capsulatum cause
Spelunker’s disease
what are the symptoms of spelunker’s disease?
aches pain, coughing, fever, night sweats and weight loss
what does the fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis cause?
california disease
what are the symptoms of california disease?
cold like symptoms
what diseases does blastomyces dermatitidis cause?
chicago disease
what are the symptoms of chicago disease?
cough, chest pain, horseness and fever
what disease does the fungal pathogen sporothrix cause?
rose gardener’s disease
what are the symptoms of rose gardener’s disease?
hard, non-tender nodule at prick site.
what diseases does the fungal pathogen canida albicans cause?
oral thrush
vulvovaginal candidiasis
cutaneous candidiasis
diaper rash
what are the symptoms of oral thrush?
thick, white adherent growth on the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat
what are the symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis?
yellow to white patchy discharge, itching
what are the symptoms of cutaneous candidiasis?
occurs in chronically moist areas of skin and in burn patients
what are the symptoms of diaper rash?
moist wet area allows the yeast to overgrow if baby in on antibiotics or in moist folds on adults
what diseases does criptococcus neoformans cause?
criptococcosis
what are the symptoms of cryptoccosis?
cough, fever and lung nodules
what diseases does the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii cause?
pneumonia PCP in AIDS patients
what are the symptoms of pneumonia PCP?
secretions in the lungs that block breathing
what is tinea capitis?
ringworm of the scalp
what are the symptoms of tinea capitis?
itchy scalp to destruction of the hair follicle
what is tinea barbae?
ringworm of the beard “barber’s itch”
what is tinea cruris?
ringworm of the groin “jock itch”
what is tinea pedis?
ringworm of the foot “athlete’s foot”
tinea manuum:
ringworm of the hand
tinea unguium:
ringworm of the nails
what is tinea coporis?
ringworm of the body
what diseases does entamoeba histolytica cause?
amoebic dysentary
what are the symptoms for amobic dysentary?
dysentary, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, weight loss perferation of the small intestine
what diseases does giardia lambia cause?
beaver fever
what are the symptoms of beaver fever?
voluminous flatulence watery diarrhea
what diseases does trichomonas vaginalis cause?
trichomoniasis
what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in females?
foul smelling, green to yellow discharge, vulvitis, cervicitis, urinary frequency and pain
what are the symptoms of trichmoniasis in males?
urethritis, thin, milky discharge, prostate infection
what diseases does trypanosoma brucei cause?
african sleeping sickness
what are the symptoms of african sleeping sickness?
chancre at bite site, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headaches, lethargy, lying prostate, drooling, insensitive to pain personality changes, trouble walking, death
what diseases does cryptosporidium parvum cause?
cryptosporidiosis
what are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?
headache, sweating, vomitting, severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea
what does taenia saginata cause?
tapeworm infection
what are the symptoms of a tapeworm infection?
little to no symptoms
what does nectar americanus cause?
hookworm infection
what are the symptoms of a hookworm infection?
skin itch, pnemonia, nausea, vomitting, cramps, pain, bloody diarrhea
what does enterobius vermicularius cause?
pinworm infection
what are thesymptoms of a pinworm infection?
mild nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, irritability due to anal itching
what does ascaris lubricoides cause?
roundworm infection
what are the symptoms of a roundwormn infection?
bronchospasm, asthma, skin rash, nausea
what does trypasnosoma cruzi cause?
chaga’s disease
what are the symptoms of chagas disease?
romana’s sign
enlarged spleen
congestive heart failure
what does toxoplasma gondii cause?
toxoplasmosis
what are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
still birth, water in the brain cavity (caused by pregnant women changing cat box)
what does trichinella spiralis cause?
trichinellosis
what are the symptoms of trichinellosis?
intense muscle and joint pain
why are viruses not considered to be alive?
no kingdom or domain
cannot multiply w/o host
cannot exist without host
they bear no resemblance to cells
what is the size of a virus?
nanometers
what are the two parts of a virus?
covering
central core
what is in the covering of a virus?
capsid
envelope
what is a capsid?
surrounds the nucleic acid, composed of proteins. all viruses have one
what is a viral envelope?
surrounds the capsid composed of the host’s cell membrane. Not all viruses have one
what is in the central core of a virus?
nucleic acid molecule
various proteins
what is the nucleic acid molecule?
genetic info for the virus, can be DNA or RNA
what are the various proteins in the central core?
contain enzymes for specific operations
what is the lytic phase of multiplication?
replicate and make more proteins
what is the lysogenic phase of multiplication?
virus inserts its genes into the host’s genes
what is variola?
smallpox
what are the symptoms of smallpox?
fever, malaise, prostration and a rash
what are the symptoms of herpes simplex 1?
fever blisters in the oral area
what are the symtpoms of herpes simplex 2?
genital warts
what is the epstein barr virus?
kissing disease
what are the symptoms of epstein barr?
sore throat, fever, swollen nodes, can continue to burkitt lymphoma or nasopharageal carcinoma
what is varicella zoster virus?
causes chickenpox and shingles
what are the symptoms of chickenpox?
skin lesions that crust over
what are the symptoms of shingles?
tingling at site, painful vesicles erupt
what is the vaccine for varicella?
varivax
what is the vaccine for shingles?
zostavax
what disease does infectious hepatitis cause?
hepatitis A
what are the symptoms of hepatitis A?
anorexia, general mailaise, jaundice
what is the vaccine for hepatitis A?
havrax
what disease does the DNA virus serum hepatitis cause?
Hep B
what are the symptoms of hep B?
jaundice, cirrhosis and liver cancer
what are the vaccines for hep B?
ebgerix B
recombivax
twinrix
what disease does the RNA virus post-transfusional hepatitis cause?
Hep C
what are the symptoms of hep C?
jaundice, dark urine, cirrhosis and cancer
what does human papilloma virus cause?
papolloma
what are the symptoms of papiloma?
seed wart on the hands
plantar warts on the feet
genital warts
what do parvoviruses cause?
erythrovirus (5th disease)
what are the symptoms of fifth disease?
slapped face rash, fever
what does human herpes virus six cause?
roseola
what are the symptoms of roseola?
maculopapular rash on neck, trunk and buttocks of babies
what does human herpes 8 cause?
Kaposi’s sarcoma
what are the symptoms of kaposi’s sarcoma?
red to purple splotches
what does orthomyxoviruses cause?
Influenza A, b and c
what are the symptoms of influenza A?
myalgia, pharyngeal pain, shortness of breath
what is the vaccine for influenza A?
traditional and flumist
what are the symptoms of influenza B?
milder version of the flu
what are the symptoms of influenza C?
minor respiratory disease
what are some complications of the flu?
reye syndrome
guillain barre syndrome
what are the symptoms of reye syndrome?
listlessness, personality changes, disorientation, convulsions, loss od conciousness
what are the symptoms of guillain barre syndrome?
weakness, tingling in legs, paralysis
what does paramyxovirus cause?
mumps
parainfluenza
what are the symptoms of the mumps?
inflammation of salivary glands, myalgia
what are the symptoms of parainfluenza?
causes a barking cough like a seal
what does morbilivirus cause?
measles
what is the vaccine for mumps?
MMR
what are the symptoms of measles?
conjuctivitis, Koplick spots, red rash
what is a complication of the measles?
subacute sclerosing panencephalitit which causes death
what is the vaccine for measles?
MMR
what does rubivirus cause?
rubella
what are the symptoms of rubella?
german measles
induces miscarriage or birth defects
what is the vaccine for rubivirus?
MMR
what does lyssavirus cause?
rabies
what are the symptoms of rabies?
agitation, disorientation, hydrophobia, seizures, coma or death
what is the vaccine for rabies?
rabies drop in bait for wild animals
what is severe acute respiratory syndrome?
SARS
what are the symptoms of SARS?
fever, body aches, mailaise
what does the west nile virus cause?
viral encephalitis
what are the symptoms of viral encephalitis?
<1% causes severe symptoms
what does retrovirus cause?
HIV
what are the symptoms of HIV?
opportunistic infections, cancer, lesions
what does the poliovirus cause?
polio
what are the symptoms of polio?
less than 2%=paralysis
what are the vaccines fot polio?
IPV OPV and sabin vaccine
what does norovirus cause?
Norwalk agent
what are the symptoms of norwalk agent?
diarrhea, vomitting, cramps
common in cruise ships
what does rotavirus cause
viral gastroenteritis
what are the symptoms of viral gastroenertitis?
watery diarrhea, vomitting, fever
what are the vaccines for rotavirus?
rotateq
rotarix
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Artist: Van Morrison
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