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microbiology > Lecture Test 4 Part One > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Part One Flashcards

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1
Q

what is immunology?

A

the study of all biological, chemical and physical events surrounding the function of the immune system

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2
Q

what is the first line of defense?

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry–nonspecific

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3
Q

what is the second line of defense?

A

protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis–nonspecific

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4
Q

what is the third line of defense?

A

acquired with exposure to foreign substance; produces protective antibodies and created memory cells–specific

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5
Q

what are host defenses?

A

innate, natural defenses

adaptive immunities

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6
Q

what are innate, natural defenses?

A

present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

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7
Q

what are adaptive immunities?

A

specific, must be acquired

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8
Q

what are the four major subdivisions of the immune system?

A

reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Bloodstream
Lymphatic system

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9
Q

What is the immune system structure?

A

Large, complex and diffuse network of cells and fluids that penetrate into every organ and tissue

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10
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs.

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11
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system inhabited by?

A

phagocytic cells, a mononuclear phagocyte system

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12
Q

what is a mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense

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13
Q

What is the Lymphoid organs and tissues category classified as?

A

primary

secondary

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14
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation– thymus and bone marrow

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15
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs and tissues:

A

circulatory-based locations such as spleen and thymus and collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues- skin and mucous membranes–thymus, lymphnodes, spleen, miscellaneous

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16
Q

what is the thymus?

A

high rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink; site of T-cell maturation

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17
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

small, encapsulated, bean shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels and large, blood vessels of the thoracic and and abdominal cavitites.

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18
Q

what is the spleen?

A

structurally similar to the lymph node, filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens`

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19
Q

What is considered miscellaneous?

A 
MALT
GALT
SALT
BALT
Appendix
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20
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosal-associated lymphoidal tissue

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21
Q

what is GALT?

A

gastrointestinal-associated lymphoidal tissue (Peyer’s Patch)

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22
Q

What is SALT?

A

Skin-associated lymphoidal tissue

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23
Q

what is BALT?

A

Bronchial-associated lymphoidal tissue

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24
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

production of blood cells

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25
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells

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26
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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27
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

lobed nucleus

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28
Q

what are the different types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

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29
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytes

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30
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A

destroy eukaryotic pathogens

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31
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A

release potent chemical mediators (histamine)

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32
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue. they release histamine

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33
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

unlobed, rounded nucleus

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34
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes?

A

specific immune response (b and T cells)

3rd line of defense

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35
Q

what are B cells?

A

humoral immunity: activated B cells produce antibodies

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36
Q

what are T cells?

A

cell mediated immunity: activated t cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells

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37
Q

what are monocytes and macrophages?

A

largest of WBCs, kidney shaped nucleus; phagocytic

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38
Q

what are macrophages?

A

final differentiation of monocytes

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39
Q

what are dendritic cells?

A

trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions

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40
Q

what are the four categories of the first line of defense:

A

physical barrier
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier
genetic barrier

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41
Q

what is the physical barrier?

A

if intact, microbes cannot penetrate

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42
Q

what are the two layers of the physical barrier?

A
  • outer layer of skin tight layer of epithelial cells

- mucous membrane coated with mucous with hairs or cilia

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43
Q

what is the mechanical barrier?

A

movement of cilia, flushing with urine or feces, blinking, coughing, sneezing

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44
Q

what is the chemical barrier?

A

chemicals associated with other barriers such as lysozyme, acid, salt, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices

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45
Q

what is the genetic barrier?

A

many microbes will only infect specific species. Parvo virus infects dogs and cats but not humans. Chickenpox virus infects humans but not dogs and cats

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46
Q

what consists of the second line of defense?

A 
inflammation
phagocytosis
the complement system
fever
interferon
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47
Q

what is inflammation?

A

nonspecific defense response by the body to an injury to the tissue. It occurs after a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or insect bite, and it aids in destruction of microbes and prevents spread, toxins and dead cells

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48
Q

what are the classic signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

redness
warmth
swelling
pain

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49
Q

what is redness?

A

rubor–increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues in response to chemical mediators

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50
Q

what is warmth?

A

calor–heat given off by the increased blood flow

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51
Q

what is swelling?

A

tumor–edema; WBCs, microbes, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; prevents the spread of infection

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52
Q

what is edema?

A

increased fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dialate

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53
Q

what is pain?

A

dolor–stimulation of nerve endings

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54
Q

what are the major events of inflammation?

A

injury, immediate reactions
vascular reactions
edema
resolution/scar formation

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55
Q

what is injury/immediate reactions?

A

cytokines released by tissue cells; vasoconstriction

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56
Q

what are vascular reactions?

A

vasodialation and seepage of fluid and out of vessels.

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57
Q

what is the major event edema?

A

infiltration of neutrophils (the first to arrive) and accumulation of pus

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58
Q

what is resolution or scar formation?

A

macrophages clean up/tissue is repaired (clean up crew)

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59
Q

what is pus?

A

dead cells

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60
Q

what are two unique properties of WBCs?

A

diapedesis

chemotaxis

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61
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

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62
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

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63
Q

what are cytokines?

A

chemical mediators that regulate, stimulate, and limit immune reactions produced by WBCs and damaged tissue cells

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64
Q

what are some examples of cytokines?

A

histamine
interleukin 1
interleukin 2

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65
Q

what is histamine?

A

produced by mast cells and basophils
produced during inflammation and allergy
causes vasodialation and increased permeability

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66
Q

what is interleukin 1?

A

produced by macrophages
produced during specific immune response
stimulates t cells and b cells

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67
Q

what is interleukin 2?

A

produced by helper t cells
produced during specific immune response
stimulates proliferation of t and b cells

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68
Q

what are the general activities of phagocytes?

A
  1. to survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead or injured cells
  2. to ingest and eliminate these materials
  3. to extract immunogenic information from foreign matter
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69
Q

what cells are part of phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
macrophages

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70
Q

how do neutrophils help with phagocytosis?

A

general-purpose; react early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and to damaged tissue

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71
Q

how do eosinophils help in phagocytosis?

A

attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions

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72
Q

how do macrophages help with phagocytosis?

A

derived from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes

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73
Q

what are toll-like receptors?

A

protein receptors within cell membrane of macrophages (PRRs)

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74
Q

what do toll like receptors do?

A

detect foreign molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals to stimulate an immune response

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75
Q

what are pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecules shared by microorganisms (peptidoglycan, outer membrane)

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76
Q

what is the mechanism of phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis and ingestion
phagolysosome formation
destruction and elimination of debris

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77
Q

what is chemotaxis and ingestion?

A

phagocytes migrate and recognize PAMPs. They engulf microbe in a phagosome

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78
Q

what is phagolysosome formation?

A

lysosome fused with phagosome (death-30 minutes)

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79
Q

what is destruction and elimination of debris?

A

Destruction due to lysosome products: enzymes and reactive oxygen products

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80
Q

what is the complement system?

A

complex system that is involved at several levels of immunity. Consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and some viruses

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81
Q

what are complement factors?

A

proteins found in the blood stream produced by liver, lymphocytes and monocytes

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82
Q

the complement system works in:

A

a cascade reaction like blood clotting

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83
Q

the complement system is activated by

A

microbes, parts of microbes, cytokines and antibodies

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84
Q

what is the end product of the complement system?

A

membrane attack complex (MAC)

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85
Q

what is the membrane attack complex?

A

large, ring-shaped protein that digests holes in cell membranes of bacteria and some viruses

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86
Q

what is the function of the complement system?

A

MAC
acts as a chemotactic agent
stimulates inflammation
opsonization

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87
Q

what is opsonization?

A

coats the microbe and helps phagocytosis

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88
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

regulates body temperature to 98.6 degrees

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89
Q

what is fever?

A

initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction

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90
Q

what is pyrogen?

A

microbe products, blood products, vaccines and cytokines

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91
Q

sources of a pyrogen can be

A

exogenous or endogenous

92
Q

what are the benefits of fever?

A

inhibits multiplication of heat sensitive microbes, prevents the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron, increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes

93
Q

what is interferon?

A

small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells

94
Q

what are the three types of interferons?

A

interferon alpha
interferon beta
interferon gamma

95
Q

what is interferon alpha?

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

96
Q

what is interferon beta?

A

fibroblasts and epithelial cells

97
Q

what is interferon gamma?

A

T cells

98
Q

interferon is produced in response to

A

viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigens.

99
Q

interferon binds to:

A

cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins and inhibit expression of cancer genes

100
Q

what happens if the body temperature is at 98.6 degrees and a pyrogen is present?

A

102 degrees and you will shiver and feel cold

101
Q

what happens if you have a fever of 102 degrees and the pyrogen is absent?

A

your body temp will go back to 98.6 degrees and you will sweat and break the fever.

102
Q

1st line is:

A

innate and nonspecific

103
Q

2nd line is:

A

innate and nonspecific

104
Q

3rd line is:

A

acquired and specific

105
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

type of t cell with natural nonspecific cytotoxin powers

106
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

circulate and are the first to destroy virus infected cells and tumor cells

107
Q

where are natural killer cells found?

A

the spleen, blood, lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow

108
Q

what stimulates natural killer cells?

A

cytokines such as interferron

109
Q

what is interferon?

A

cytokine produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products and various antigens.

110
Q

what does interferon do?

A

protects against viral infection of cells and cancer cells

111
Q

what are the virulence factors of Neisseria influenza and Neisseria aeruginosa that inhibit the immune system?

A

they prevent MAC from creating holes in their surface.

112
Q

what are the virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa that inhibit the immune system?

A

it produces enzymes that inactivate complement factors

113
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

a dual system of B and T lymphocytes

114
Q

what is an antigen?

A

molecules that stimulate a response by T and B cells

115
Q

what are the two features that characterize specific immunity?

A

specificity

memory

116
Q

what is specificity?

A

antibodies and killer cells produced function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to

117
Q

what is memory?

A

lymphocytes are programmed to recall their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters

118
Q

what are the major functions of the receptors?

A
  1. to perceive and attach to nonself or foreign monlecules
  2. to promote the recognition of self molecules
  3. to receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
  4. to aid in cellular development
119
Q

all of our cells also have molecules present iin the cell membrane that

A

tell the immune system that they belong in the body

120
Q

the composition of natural molecules is

A

genetically determined

121
Q

one important set of natural molecules is:

A

major histocombalitity complex MHC

122
Q

natural molecule receptors are found on all cells except:

A

red blood cells

123
Q

what is class one MHC?

A

markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions

124
Q

Class I MHC are required for

A

T lymphocytes

125
Q

what is class 2 MHC?

A

regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

126
Q

Class 2 MHC are involved in:

A

presenting antigen to T cells

127
Q

what are foreign molecules?

A

also called antigens

128
Q

what is the property of behaving as an antigen?

A

antigenicity

129
Q

what is antigenicity?

A

foreignness
shape
size
accessibility

130
Q

what is the molecular composition of an antigen?

A 
protein
lipoprotein
glycoprotein
nucleoprotein
polysaccharides
131
Q

what are lymphocyte receptors?

A

lymphocytes role in surveillance and recognition is a function of their receptors

132
Q

Foreign molecules can be part of

A

any part of a microbe

133
Q

what are two types of lymphocyte receptors?

A

B cell receptors

T cell receptors

134
Q

what are B cell receptors?

A

bind free agents not processed by APC

135
Q

what are t cell receptors?

A

bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them basically processed by the APC

136
Q

what is autoimmune disease?

A

when tolerance is not working and the immune system fails in distinguishing between self and non self

137
Q

during autoimmune disease:

A

the body attacks its own cells

138
Q

what are the two sides of the 3rd line?

A

t cells and b cells

139
Q

what are b cells?

A

mature in bone marrow
become plasm cells
produce antibodies
provide humoral immunity

140
Q

what are T cells?

A

mature in the thymus
become killer t cells
whole cell kills pathogen
procide cell mediated immunity

141
Q

activation of the two sides of acquired resistance occurs in

A

5 stages

142
Q

what are the five stages?

A
  • clonal selection theory
  • processing and presenting of antigen
  • helper t cell activation
  • b cell activation and antibody production/activated b cell
  • cytotoxic T cell activation/activated cytotoxic t cell
143
Q

what is clonal selection theory?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes undergo maturation before being ready to fight for the body. Lymphocytes produce a variety of receptors.

144
Q

During clonal section theory, undifferentiated lymphocytes:

A

undergo a series of divisions and genetic changes that generate milliions of different cell types.

145
Q

During clonal section theory, Both B and T cells:

A

undergo genetic changes to be able to respond to antigens

146
Q

During clonal section theory, when becoming immunocompotent,

A

cells will have unique genes that will produce and place unique receptors on their cell surface

147
Q

during clonal section theory, the unique receptor found on each of the cells

A

is what recognizes unique antigens

148
Q

Clonal section theory is also called

A

lymphocyte development and differentiation

149
Q

while lymphocytes are developing in the bone marrow,

A

lymphocyte stem cells differentiatie into eith T or B cells.

150
Q

When lymphocytes are developing, B cells:

A

stay in the bone marrow while T cells migrate to the thymus

151
Q

when lymphocytes are developing, both t and b cells:

A

migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue

152
Q

while lymphocytes are developing, lymphocyte specificity is

A

preprogrammed, existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the system

153
Q

While lymphocytes are developing, each genetically different type of lymphocyte

A

(clone) expresses a single specificity

154
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

first introduction of each type of antigen into the immune system selects a genetically distinct lymphocyte and causes it to expand into a clone of cells that can react to that antigen.

155
Q

what are the different parts of clonal selection theory?

A 
the development of lymphocytes
clonal selection
B-cell maturation
T-cell maturation
Cooperation in immune reactions to antigens
156
Q

where does B-Cell maturation occur?

A

at bone marrow sites that harbor stormal cells which nuture the lymphocyte stem cells and provide hormonal signals

157
Q

During B-cell maturation, the cells have

A

immunoglobin as surface receptors for antigens

158
Q

during b-cell maturation, the receptor placed on B cells is an

A

antibody molecule

IgM or IgD

159
Q

During B-cell maturation, millions of distinct B cells develop and

A

home to specific sites in the lymph nodes, spleen, and GALT

160
Q

During a B-cells lifespan, it will

A

come into contact with antigens

161
Q

what are immunoglobins?

A

large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells for antigens

162
Q

T-cell maturation is directed by

A

the thymus gland and its hormones

163
Q

what is the receptor on the t cell during maturation?

A

two parallel proteins

164
Q

what is CD?

A

cluster of differentiation

165
Q

During T cell maturation, there are

A

different classes of T cell receptors (CD)

166
Q

During T cell maturation, mature t cells

A

migrate to lymphoid organs

167
Q

the T cell receptors for antigens are formed

A

by genetic recombination with variable and constant regions

168
Q

the t cell receptors for antigens are 2 parallel

A

polypeptide chains that are small and not secreted

169
Q

The basis for all immune responses is the encounter

A

between antigens and white blood cells

170
Q

lymph nodes and speen concentrate the antigens and

A

circulate them so they will comeinto contact with lymphocytes

171
Q

what is the second stage of activation?

A

Processing and presenting the antigen

172
Q

During Processing and presenting the antigen, microbes entering the body are recognized by:

A

immune system cells

173
Q

the macrophage is:

A

the antigen presenting cell (APC) of the body

174
Q

what is the function of the macrophage?

A

to engulf the microbe, digest it, amd put a part of the microbe on its surface to present to a lymphocyte

175
Q

During processing and presentation T cell dependant antigens

A

must be processed by phagocytes called antigen presenting cells (APC)

176
Q

Durinf processing and presenting, APCs,

A

modify the antigen then the antigen is moved to the APC surface and bound to MHC receptor

177
Q

During processing and presenting, antigen presentation involves a direct collaberation among

A

an APC and a T helper cell

178
Q

During processing and presenting, interleukin 1 is secreted by

A

APC to activate T helper cells

179
Q

During processing and presenting, interleukin 2 is produced by

A

T helper cells to activate B and other T cells

180
Q

what is stage 3 of activation?

A

Helper T cell activation (CD4 cell)

181
Q

Helper T cell activation must be

A

activated forst by the macrophage

182
Q

What is the first step of helper t activation?

A

physical stimulus: the physcial contact between helper t and APC (must include contact with the antigen)

183
Q

what is the second step of helper t activation?

A

chemical stimulus: APC secretes interleukin 1

184
Q

After the two steps of helper T activation,

A

now activated helper T can assist in activating B cell and other T cells

185
Q

What are the fourth steps of activation?

A

B cell activation and antibody production

Activated B cell

186
Q

During B cell activation, the B cell

A

phagocytizes and processes the microbe (no APC)

187
Q

what is the first step that helper T activates the B cells?

A

Physical stimulus: physical contact between B cell and Helper T cell (must include contact with the antigen)

188
Q

What is the second step that helper T activates b cells?

A

Chemical stimulus: Helper T cell secretes cytokine: interleukin 2. Now B cell is activated

189
Q

Activated B cell undergoes change and produces:

A

plasma cell

memory B cell

190
Q

what is the plasma cell?

A

produces antibodies

191
Q

what is the function of antibodies?

A

opsonization
activates complement
antigen-antibody aggregates
neutrilization

192
Q

what is opsonization?

A

augments phagocytosis

193
Q

what is “activates complement”

A

MAC (membrane attack complex)

194
Q

what is antigen-antibody aggregates?

A

causes large clumps, ties up microbe

195
Q

what is neutrilization?

A

microbe cannot bind target cell

196
Q

what is memory B cell?

A

lives long term in the lymph tissue and is activated when subsequent exposure occurs

197
Q

what does memory b cell produce?

A

lots of antibody when activated

198
Q

what are the five classes of antibodies?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE
199
Q

what is IgM?

A

exists as a pentamer, circulates in blood. The first antibody produced by a plasma cell

200
Q

what is IgG?

A

monomer, most prevalent antibosy in fluids. The second antibody produced by plasma cell and first antibody produced by memory cells

201
Q

IgG provides:

A

long term immunity

202
Q

IgG is the only antibody

A

that crosses the placenta

203
Q

what is IgA?

A

monomer or dimer found at the surface of membranes (saliva, mucous, tears, colostrum)

204
Q

IgA is also called

A

secretory IgA

205
Q

what is IgD?

A

monomer, still a mystery. Only things known are that there are small amounts in blood and it serves as a receptor on immunocompetent B cells

206
Q

what is IgE?

A

monomer, uncommon in blood unless one has allergy or parasitic worm infection; stimulates histamine release

207
Q

Neissera meningidis and neissera gonorrheae produce

A

IgHase which digests IgA antibody

208
Q

During the first exposure to a microbe, the plasma cell produces

A

IgM in first in smaller quantities

IgG second in larger quantities

209
Q

During the second exposure to a microbe, the memory cell produces

A

LgG in large quantities (long term immunity)

210
Q

What is the fifth stages of activation?

A

cytotoxic T cell activation

activated cytotoxic T cell

211
Q

what is the first step of cytotoxic t cell activation?

A

physical stimulus: APC contacts cytotoxic T cell with antigen

212
Q

what is the second step in cytotoxic t cell activation?

A

chemical stimulus: helper T cell secretes interleukin 2

213
Q

what are the two cells produced by activated cytotoxic T cell?

A

Killer T cell

Memory T cell

214
Q

what is killer T cell?

A

seeks out and destroys antigen containing celles with lymphotoxins

215
Q

what are lymphotoxins?

A

??????

216
Q

what is memory T cell?

A

lives long term in the lymph tissue and is activated when a subsequent exposure occurs

217
Q

what are the different types of T cels?

A 
T Helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural killer cells
Supressor T cells
Delayed hypersensitivity cells
218
Q

what are T helper cells?

A

(CD4) most prevalent type of T cell

219
Q

what is the function of helper T cells?

A

regulate immune reaction to antigens including other B and T cells; also involved in activated macrophages and increasing phagoctosis; differentiate into T helper 1 cells and T helper 2 cells

220
Q

what are cytotoxic T cells?

A

they destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting granzymes and perforins that lyse cells.

221
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

lack specificity; circulate through the spleen, blood and lungs

222
Q

what aresupressor T cells?

A

not well understood and are involved with dampening parts of the immune response by inhibiting proliferating B and T cells and are also iinvolved in immunologic tolerance.

223
Q

what are delayed hypersensitivity T cells?

A

involved in certain allergic reactions

224
Q

what are some examples of delayed hypersensitivity cells?

A

tuberculin skin tests

225
Q

what seeks out and destroys antigen containing cells with lymphocytes during activated cytotoxic t cell?

A

granzymes and perforins

microbiology (7 decks)

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