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ASCI 341 > Lecture Quiz 1 --> Female Repro Tract > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 --> Female Repro Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the female repro. tract?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oviduct
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • External genitalia
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2
Q

Where is the female reproductive tract? Why is this beneficial in livestock species?

A

Directly beneath rectum in livestock

Allows for manual/ ultrasonic palpation of tract in cattle and horses

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3
Q

What can palpation be utilized to do?

A
  • diagnose ovarian status
  • diagnose pregnancy
  • manipulate tract for artificial insemination
  • recover embryos using non surgical techniques
  • identify abnormalities in tract
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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the reproductive tract?

A

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

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5
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Outer layer
Single layer of squamous (flattened) cell

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6
Q

What is the muscularis made of?```

A

Consists of 2 layers:
- Inner –> circular muscle
- Outer –> longitudinal muscle

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7
Q

What does the muscularis do?

A

Produces muscle contractions for 2 functions:
- Transport of secretory products, gametes, and early embryos
- Expulsion of fetus and placenta`

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8
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, support layer for mucosa

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9
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Inner epithelium secretory later

Surrounds lumen (interior) of repro. tract. Each portion of the repro. tract has different type of mucosa depending on function of that portion of the tract

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10
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Double layered connective tissue

Supports and suspends ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina

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11
Q

What are the 3 components of the broad ligament?

A
  • Mesovarium
  • Mesosalpinx
  • Mesometrium
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12
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A
  • Blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves for the ovary
  • Forms hilus of ovary
  • Another ovarian support ligament
  • Utero-ovarian ligament
  • Attaches ovary to uterus
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13
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A
  • Surrounds and supports oviduct
  • Thin, serous portion of the broad ligament
  • Bursa-like pouch that surrounds ovary
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14
Q

What does the mesosalpinx do?

A

Helps orient the infundibulum of oviduct so ova released at ovulation are directed into oviduct - “catcher’s mit”

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15
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A
  • Largest portion of BL
  • Supports the uterine horns and uterine body
  • Hangs from dorsal body wall
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16
Q

What is the structure of the ovary like?

A
  • Much vasculature –> only brain has more
  • Round, knot-like structure
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17
Q

What are the functions of the ovary?

A
  1. Produce female gametes (ova)
  2. Produce the hormones estradiol and progesterone
  3. Produce other hormones –> oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin
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18
Q

What are the anatomical layers of the ovary?

A
  • Tunica albuginea
  • Ovarian cortex
  • Ovarian medulla
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19
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A
  • outer, connective tissue surface
  • single layer of cuboidal cells - germinal epithelium
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20
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A
  • beneath tunica albuginea
  • contains populations of oocytes that will develop into mature follicles and event ovulate
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21
Q

What does the ovarian cortex contain?

A
  • Follicles
  • Corpus luteum
  • Corpus albicans
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22
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

“yellow” bodies - large structures that produce progesterone

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23
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

“white bodies” - smaller structures that represent scar tissue, degenerate form of CL`

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24
Q

What is the ovarian medulla?

A

Central portion of ovary

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25
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A
  • vasculature
  • nerves
  • lymphatic system
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26
Q

What is folliculargenesis?

A

Development of immature follicles into mature follicles to become candidates for ovulation

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of follicles present within the ovary?

A
  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • antral (tertiary)
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28
Q

What is a primordial follicle? What kind of cells is it made of?

A

smallest, most immature, microscopic

ova within follicle has 1 layer of squamous (flattened) cells

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29
Q

What kind of cells is a primary follicle made of?

A

1 layer of cuboidal (cube-like) epithelium or follicle cells

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30
Q

What kind of cells is a secondary follicle made of?

A

2+ layers of follicle cells

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31
Q

What do secondary ova contain?

A

Follicles contain a thin, translucent layer –> zona pellucida

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32
Q

What is an antral (tertiary) follicle?

A
  • presence of antrum –> fluid filled cavity
  • filled with follicular fluid
  • When dominant preovulatory follicle, termed Graafian follicle
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33
Q

What are the 3 layers of antral follicles?

A
  • theca externa
  • theca interna
  • granulosa cell layer
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34
Q

What is the theca externa?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • surrounds and supports oocyte
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35
Q

What is the theca interna?

A
  • cells that produce androgens
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36
Q

What is the granulosa cell layer?

A
  • separated from theca interna by thin, basement membrane
  • produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
  • aid in maturation of oocyte
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37
Q

What happens upon ovulation of antral follicles?

A

Forms corpus hemmorrhagium –> “bloody body”

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38
Q

What are the characteristics of corpus hemorrhagium?

A
  • rupture of small vessels cause hemorrhage
  • loss of antral fluid causes follicle to collapse into numerous folds
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39
Q

What forms the corpus luteum?

A

Theca interna and granulosal cells differentiate into luteal cells to form CL

40
Q

What are the 3 sections of the oviduct?

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
41
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A
  • ovarian end, funnel-shaped opening
  • captures newly ovulated oocyte
  • surface has many velvety, finger-like projections –> fimbrae
42
Q

What are the functions of fimbrae?

A
  • increase surface area
  • cause infundibulum to slip over entire surface of ovary at ovulation
43
Q

What is the ampulla?

A
  • Thick portion of the oviduct, occupies more than 1/2
  • large diameter
  • internal structure has many fern-like mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium
44
Q

What is significant about the ampulla?

A

it is the site of fetlilization

45
Q

What does the ampulla merge with? Why is this important in equine species?

A

Merges with isthmus at ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) - sphincter - only allows fertilized oocytes. by mare

46
Q

What is the isthmus?

A
  • smaller in diameter than ampulla
  • thicker muscular wall, fewer mucosal folds
  • connected to uterus by uterotubal junction (UTJ)
47
Q

What does the UTJ do?

A

regulates movement of embryo into uterus

48
Q

Compare / contrast UTJ function under increased and decrease estradiol control

A
  • With increase estradiol –> acts as “kink” which blocks ebryo movement into the the uterus
  • With decrease estradiol –> allows entry into the uterus
49
Q

What can the UTJ do in swine?

A

act as barrier to polyspermy

50
Q

What is the function of oviductal smooth muscle layer (muscularis)?

A

transportation of oocytes and sperm to site of fertilization

51
Q

What is the function of the oviductal mucosa?

A
  • provide optimum environment for unfertilized oocyte
  • sustain sperm function until oocyte arrives
  • provide suitable environment for early embryo
52
Q

What does the uterus connect to? What is the uterus?

A

connects to cervix –> two uterune horns (carnua)

53
Q

What are the 5 primary uterine functions?

A
  • sperm transport
  • luteolysis and control of cyclicity
  • environment for pre-attachment embryo
  • maternal contribution to placenta
  • expulsion of fetus and fetal placenta
54
Q

What is a duplex uterus?

A
  • 2 cervical canals –> each uterine horn is distinct
55
Q

What are the 2 types of duplex uterus?

A
  • single vaginal canal (mouse, rabbit)
  • double vaginal canals (marsupial)
56
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus?

A
  • 2 uterine horns and a small uterine body
  • single vaginal and cervical canals
  • internal and external uterine bifurcation

example - horse, cow, pig

57
Q

What is a simplex uterus?

A
  • singe uterine body, no uterine horns
  • nearly complete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

example - primate, human

58
Q

What are the 3 components of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

59
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A
  • serosa –> part of peritoneum
  • thin, nearly transparent
60
Q

What is the myometrium?

A
  • muscularis –> directly beneath perimetrium
61
Q

What are the types of muscle in the myometrium?

A

longitudinal smooth muscle –> small ridges running anterior to posterior, outer portion

circular smooth muscle –> wrap around uterus in circular manner, inner portion

62
Q

What are the function of the myometrium?

A
  • provide contractability of uterus
  • associated with sperm transport and uterine production of mucous-like material
  • expulsion of fetus and fetal membrane
63
Q

What is the muscular tone of the muscularis under high estrogen / low progesterone?

A

turgid, much “tone”

64
Q

What is the muscular tone of the muscularis under high progesterone / low estrogen?

A

soft, flaccid
very little “tone”

65
Q

What is the endometrium?

A
  • mucosa + submucosa –> inner portion
  • secrete nutrients into lumen for developing embryo and sperm via endometrial glands
66
Q

What are the endometrial glands?

A
  • protrude from mucosa into submucosa
67
Q

What do the endometrial glands do under estrogen vs progesterone control?

A
  • under estrogen control –> coil
  • under progesterone control –> full secretory potential
68
Q

What do the endometrial glands produce?

A
  • Prostaglandin F2a

if oocyte isn’t fertilized during estrous cycle… lyses the CL to induce another estrous cycle

69
Q

What is the cervix structure?

A

thick-walled, non-compliant –> acts as a sperm barrier in ewe and cow

70
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cervix?

A
  • provide lubrication
  • acts as a flushing system
  • acts as a barrier during pregnancy
71
Q

What is the cervix composed of?

A

cervical canal with folds or rings protruding into canal

72
Q

What is the cow cervix like?

A

several rings form interlocking finger-like projections, sperm deposition in vagina

73
Q

What is the pig cervix like?

A

rings interdigitate in specific manner - accept corkscrew penis of boar, sperm deposition in cervix

74
Q

What does the cervix produce during estrous? How does it compare between cow/ewe/sow/mare?

A

Produces mucous during estrous in cow and ewe - much less in sow and mare

75
Q

What does mucus in the cervix do?

A
  • lubricates vagina during copulation
  • flush out foreign materials
  • prevents microorganisms from entering uterus
76
Q

Describe cervical mucus under progesterone control?

A

During pregnancy - high progesterone - very viscous –> provides “plug” to isolate fetus from external enviroment

77
Q

What happens if the cervical seal of pregnancy is removed?

A

abortion

78
Q

What is the vagina?

A

copulatory organ and site for expulsion of urine

79
Q

What kind of tissue is the vagina made of?

A

poorly defined muscular layer, well developed mucosal epithelium

80
Q

Describe vaginal mucosal epithelium near cervix

A
  • much secretory activity
  • columnar and ciliated columnar epithelium
81
Q

What is the fornix vagina?

A

In cow and mare, cervix protrudes into vagina forming a large crypt around cervix. Large amount of mucus occurs here during estrus

Sperm deposition occurs here in cow! Not present in sow!

82
Q

Describe mucosal epithelium in posterior vagina

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • changes with stage of estrous cycle
83
Q

What happens to vaginal mucosal epithelium during estrous?

A

high estrogen at estrous –> dramatic thickening

84
Q

What is the posterior vagina?

A

vestibule –> belongs to urinary and genital systems

extends from external urethral orifice to labia of vulva

85
Q

What specialized tissue does the posterior vagina contain?

A

Gartner’s ducts –> remnants of Wolffian duct (male system)

86
Q

What is a blind pouch?

A
  • suburethral diverticulum –> cow, sow
  • immediately ventral to urethral opening
87
Q

What are the vestibular glands?

A
  • submucosa of vestibule
  • secrete mucus like substance during estrous
88
Q

What is the vulva?

A

external porion of the female repro. tract

89
Q

What does the vulva contain?

A

labia majora and labia minora

90
Q

What does the vulva do?

A
  • meet to form commissure (site of union)
  • minimized entrance of foreign material
91
Q

What is the labia made up of? What does it do?

A

skin –> contains sweat glands and hair follicles

  • consist of adipose tissue with smooth muscle bundles
  • contractor of vulvae muscles
92
Q

Where is the clitoris located? How is this similar to the male?

A

housed in the ventral commissure of vestibule –> same as glans penis

93
Q

What kind of tissue is the clitoris made of?

A

erectile tissue –> stratified squamous epithelium

many nerve endings

94
Q

What does high estrogen as estrus do to the clitoris?

A

erection of the clitoris

95
Q

What does stimulation of the clitoris do?

A

increases conception rates by A.I.

ASCI 341 (13 decks)

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