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ASCI 341 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the repro tract?

A

Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia

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2
Q

Where is the female repro. tract located? Why is this important in livestock species?

A

Directly beneath rectum in livestock species.

Allows for manual/ultrasonic palpation of tract in cattle and horses

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3
Q

What can palpation be utilized to do?

A
  • Diagnose ovarian status
  • Diagnose pregnancy
  • Manipulate tract for artificial insemination (A.I)
  • Recover embryos using nonsurgical techniques
  • Identify abnormalities in tract
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4
Q

What are the 4 different layers of the female tract?

A
  • Serosa (outer)
  • Muscularis
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa (inner)
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5
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis?

A

Inner –> circular muscle
Outer –> longitudinal muscle

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6
Q

What are the functions of the muscularis?

A

Produce muscle contractions for:

  • transport of secretory products, gametes, and early embryos
  • Expulsion of fetus and placenta
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7
Q

What is the submucosa made of and its function?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Support layer for the mucosa

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8
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Outer single layer of squamous (flattened) cells

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9
Q

What is the mucosa and its function?

A

Epithelium –> secretory layer

  • Surrounds lumen (interior) of repro. tract
  • Each portion of repro. tract has different type of mucosa depending on the function of that portion of the tract
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10
Q

What is the broad ligament and its function?

A

Double layered connective tissue sheet

Supports and suspends ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina

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11
Q

What are the three components of the broad ligament?

A
  • Mesovarium
  • Mesosalpinx
  • Mesometrium
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12
Q

What is the mesovarium made up of?

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves for the ovary

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13
Q

What is the function of the mesovarium?

A
  • Forms hilus of the ovary
  • Another ovarian supportive ligament –> utero-overian ligament
  • Attaches ovary to uterus
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14
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A
  • Surrounds and supports oviduct
  • Thin, serous portion of the broad ligament
  • Bursa-like pouch that surrounds the ovary
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15
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A

Helps orient the infundibulum of oviduct, so ova released at ovulation is directed into oviduct

–> “catchers mit”

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16
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A

Largest portion of broad ligament

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17
Q

What is the function of the mesometrium?

A
  • Supports the uterine horns and uterine body
  • Hangs from dorsal wall
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18
Q

What is the ovary structure?

A

Round, knot-like structure

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19
Q

What are the functions of the ovary?

A
  • Produce female gametes (ova)
  • Produce the hormones estradiol and progesterone
  • Product hormones –> oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin
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20
Q

What are the anatomical portions of the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

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21
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A
  • Outer, connective tissue surface
  • Single layer of cuboidal cells –> germinal epithelium
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22
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A
  • Beneath tunica albuginea
  • Contains population of oocytes, which will develop into mature follicles and eventually ovulate (except in mare)
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23
Q

What does the ovarian cortex contain?

A
  • Follicles
  • Corpus luteum
  • Corpus albicans
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24
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

(Pleural = corpora lutea) or CL

“Yellow bodies” –> large structures
Produce progesterone

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25
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A 
(Pleural = corpora albicantia)
albicans = albino, therefore, "white bodies"

Smaller structures –> represent scar tissue - degenerate form of CL

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26
Q

What is the ovarian medulla?

A

Central portion of ovary

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27
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A
  • Vasculature
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatic system
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28
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Development of immature follicles into mature follicles to become candidates for ovulation?

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29
Q

What are the four types of follicles present within the ovary?

A
  • Primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Antral (tertiary)
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30
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

Smallest, most immature, microscopic ova within follicle

Has 1 layer of squamous (flattened) cells

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31
Q

What is a primary follicle made of?

A

1 layer of cuboidal (cube-like) epithelium or follicle cells

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32
Q

What is a secondary follicle made of?

A

2+ layers of follicle cells

Ova contain a thick, translucent layer - zona pellucida

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33
Q

What is an antral follicle?

A

Presence of antrum – fluid-filled cavity

  • Filled with follicular fluid
  • When dominant preovulatory follicle, termed Graafian follicle
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34
Q

What are the three layers of antral follicles?

A
  • Theca externa
  • Theca interna
  • Granulosa cell layer
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35
Q

What is the theca externa?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Surrounds and supports oocyte
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36
Q

What do theca interna cells produce?

A

Cells produce androgens

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37
Q

What is the granulosa cell layer and what is its function?

A
  • Separated from theca interna by thin, basement membrane
  • Produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid

Aids in maturation of oocyte

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38
Q

What happens to follicle upon ovulation of antral follicles?

A

Form corpus hemmorrhagicum
“Bloody body”

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of corpus hemorrhagicum?

A
  • Rupture of small vessels cause hemorrhage
  • Loss of antral fluid causes follicle to collapse into numerous folds
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40
Q

What forms the corpus luteum?

A

Theca interna and granulosal cells differentiate into luteal cells to form the corpus luteum

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41
Q

What are the three sections of the oviduct?

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
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42
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A
  • Ovarian end, funnel-shaped opening
  • “Captures” newly-ovulated oocyte
  • Surface has many velvety, finger-like projections –> fimbrae
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43
Q

What are the functions of fimbriae?

A
  • Increased surface area
  • Cause infundibulum to slip over entire surface of ovary at ovulation
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44
Q

What is the ampulla?

A
  • Thick portion, occupies 1/2 or more of the oviduct
  • Large diameter
  • Internal structure has many fern-like mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium
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45
Q

What is significant about the ampulla?

A
  • Site of fertilization
  • Merges with isthmus at ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) - sphincter –> only allows fertilized oocytes by in mare
46
Q

What is the isthmus?

A
  • Smaller in diameter than ampulla
  • Thicker muscular wall, fewer mucosal folds
  • Connected to uterus by uterotubal junction (UTJ)
47
Q

What is the is important about the UTJ?

A
  • Regulates movement of embryo into uterus
  • Can act as a barrier to polyspermy (swine)
48
Q

How does the UTJ act under increased / decreased estradiol concentration?

A

With increased estradiol, acts as a “kink” which blocks embryo movement into uterus.

Decreases estradiol allows entry into the uterus.

49
Q

What is the function of oviductal smooth muscle layer (muscularis)?

A

Transportation of oocytes and sperm to site of fertilization

50
Q

What are the functions of the oviductal mucosa?

A
  • Provide optimum environment for unfertilized oocyte
  • Sustain sperm function until oocyte arrives
  • Provide suitable environment for early embryo
51
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Connects oviducts to cervix –> two uterine horns (cornua)

52
Q

What are the five primary functions of the uterus?

A
  • Sperm transport
  • Luteolysis and control of cyclicity
  • Environment for pre-attachment embryo
  • Maternal contribution to placenta
  • Expulsion of fetus and fetal placenta
53
Q

What are the three types of uteri?

A
  • Duplex
  • Bicornuate
  • Simplex
54
Q

What is a duplex uterus?

A

2 cervical canals –> each uterine horn is distinct

55
Q

What are the two types of duplex uterus and what species have them?

A
  • Single vaginal canal –> mouse, rabbit
  • Double vaginal canal –> marsupials and opossum
56
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus and what species have them?

A
  • 2 uterine horns and small uterine body
  • Length of horns dependent upon amount of fusion of paramesonephric ducts in developing embryo
  • Single vaginal and cervical canals
  • Internal and external uterine bifurcation

Examples –> horse, cow, pig

57
Q

What is a simplex uterus and what species have them?

A
  • SIngle uterine body, no uterine horns
  • Nearly complete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

Example –> primate, human

58
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
59
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A
  • Serosa –> part of the peritoneum
  • Thin, nearly transparent
60
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Muscularis –> directly beneath perimetrium

61
Q

What is the longitudinal smooth muscle of the myometrium?

A
  • Small ridges running anterior to posterior
  • Outer portion
62
Q

What is the circular smooth muscle of the myometrium?

A
  • Wrap around uterus in circular manner
  • Inner portion
63
Q

What are the functions of the myometrium?

A
  • Provide contractility of the uterus
  • Muscular ‘tone’
  • Expulsion of fetus and fetal membranes
64
Q

What is muscular tone of myometrium with high estrogen / low progesterone?

A

Turgid –> much “tone”

65
Q

What is muscular tone of myometrium with high progesterone / low estrogen? What is this phase associated with?

A

Soft, flaccid –> very little ‘tone’

Associated with sperm transport and uterine production of mucus-like material

66
Q

What is the endometrium and its function?

A

Mucosa + submucosa –> inner portion

Secrete nutrients into lumen for developing embryo and sperm via endometrial glands

67
Q

Where are endometrial glands?

A

Protrude from mucosa into submucosa

68
Q

What do endometrial glands do under estrogen control?

A
  • Coil under estrogen control
69
Q

What do endometrial glands do under estrogen control?

A
  • Full secretory potential under progesterone influence
70
Q

What species have sloughed and not sloughed endometrial glands?

A
  • Sloughed –> primate, human
  • Not sloughed –> lower animals
71
Q

What hormone do endometrial glands produce?

A

Produce prostaglandin F2α

72
Q

What does Prostaglandin F2α do?

A
  • If oocyte not fertilized during estrous cycle … Lyses the CL to induce another estrous cycle
73
Q

What about ruminant endometrial glands is unique?

A

Ruminants have small, non-glandular regions – caruncles – give rise to maternal portion of placenta

74
Q

What is the cervix? How does it act in ewe and cow species?

A

Thick-walled, non-compliant – acts as sperm barrier in ewe and cow

75
Q

What are the three function of the cervix?

A
  1. Provide lubrication
  2. Act as a flushing system
    1. Act as a barrier during pregnancy
76
Q

What is the cervix composed of?

A

Composed of cervical canal with folds or rings protruding into canal

77
Q

What is cow cervix like? Where is sperm deposited?

A

Several rings from interlocking finger-like projections

  • Sperm deposited in vagina
78
Q

What is a pig cervix like? Where is sperm deposited?

A

Rings interdigitate in specific manner – accepts corkscrew penis of board

  • Sperm deposition in cervix
79
Q

What does the cervix produce? How does it differ between species?

A

Produces mucous during estrous in cow and ewe – much less in sow and mare

80
Q

What is the function of cervical mucus?

A
  • Lubricated vagina during copulation
  • Flush out foreign materials
  • Prevents microorganisms from entering uterus
81
Q

How does mucus change throughout estrous cycle where there is high progesterone?

A

Properties change with stage of estrous cycle

  • During pregnancy – high progesterone – very viscous. Provides “plug” to isolate fetus from external enviroment
82
Q

What is it called when there is lots of cervical mucous? What happens when this is removed?

A

Cervical seal of pregnancy

Remove –> abortion

83
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Copulatory organ and site for expulsion of urine

84
Q

What is the vaginal tissue like?

A

Poorly defined muscular layer, well developed mucosal epithelium

85
Q

What is mucosal epithelium like near the cervix?

A

Much secretory activity

–> columnar and ciliated columnar epithelium

86
Q

What is the fornix vagina?

A

In cow and mare, cervix protrudes into the vagina forming large crypt around cervix –> fornix vagina

Large amounts of mucous present here during estrus –> sperm deposition occurs here in the cow!

87
Q

What species does not have fornix vagina?

A

Not present in the sow!

88
Q

What is tissue like in posterior vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Changes with stage of estrous cycle

89
Q

What happens to posterior vagina at high estrogen levels during estrus?

A

Dramatic thickening

90
Q

What is the posterior vagina made up of?

A

Vestibule –> belongs to urinary and genital systems

91
Q

Where does the posterior vagina extend to?

A

Extends from external urethral orifice –> labia of vulva

92
Q

What are vestibular glands and what is its function?

A

Submucosa of vestibule

Secretes mucus-like substance during estrous

93
Q

What is the vulva?

A

External portion of the female repro. tract

94
Q

What does the vulva contain?

A

Contains labia majora and labia minora

95
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A
  • Labias meet to form commissure (site of union)
    • Minimizes enterance of foreign material
96
Q

What is the labia?

A

Skin –> contains sweat glands and hair follicles

97
Q

What does the labia consist of?

A

Consist of adipose tissue with smooth muscle bundles –> constrictor of vulvae muscles

98
Q

Where is the clitoris housed?

A

Housed in ventral commissure of vestibule –> same as glans penis in male

99
Q

What kind of tissue is the clitoris made of?

A

Erectile tissue –> stratified squamous epithelium

100
Q

What does the clitoris contain?

A

Many nerve endings?

101
Q

What happens to clitoris at high estrogen levels?

A

Erection of the clitoris

102
Q

What happens when there is stimulation of the clitoris?

A

Increased conception rates by A.I.

103
Q

What are the overall functions for the female reproductive tract?

A
  • Control activity of organs (hormonal)
  • Transport sperm
  • Produce oocyte
  • Facilitate fertilization
  • Provide environment for embryo and fetus
  • Give birth to fetus
  • Recycle to become pregnant again
  • Provide nutrients to young
104
Q

What are the four layers of the ovary from outside to inside?

A
  1. Germinal epithelium
  2. Tunica albuginea
  3. Cortex
  4. Medulla
105
Q

What does the ovary cortex contain?

A

Contains female germ cells

Oocytes –> mature oogonia

Follicles

Corpa lutea/ luteum

106
Q

What is unique about the mare ovary?

A

Mare has inversion of cortex and medulla

107
Q

Where can ovulation occur for cow, ewe, and sow ovary?

A

Ovulation can occur at any point

108
Q

Where does ovulation occur for the mare?

A

The mare ovary has an inversion of the cortex and medulla (outside layer). Therefore, ovulation can only occur at the ovulation fossa

109
Q

What are the ovarian functions?

A
  1. Produce estrogens
  2. Contains oocyte
  3. Produce progesterone
110
Q

Diagram of Ovary

A

ASCI 341 (13 decks)

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