Lab Practical Midterm Flashcards
What animal does this tract belong to?
Cow
Cervical structure of the cow`
Annular rings
What does a dominant follicle look like on the cow tract?
dark, big spot that looks fluid-filled
What does a CL look like on a cow tract?
protruding out/ white/yellow - tissue filled- can feel
What animal does this tract belong to?
Sow
description of sow tract
ovaries like a cluster of grapes and highly advanced uterine horns
description of sow tract
ovaries like a cluster of grapes and highly advanced uterine horns
cervical structure of a sow
interdigitating pads
cervical structure of a mare
longitudinal folds
what does a dominant follicle look like on a sow tract
orbeez
BOAR accessory sex glands
seminal vesicle, prostate (corpus +disseminate), and bulbourethral gland
Does a BOAR have an ampulla
NO
Bull accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicle, prostate (corpus +disseminate), and bulbourethral gland (hidden in ischiocavernosus)
Does a boar have a vertical or horizontal repro tract
vertical
Does a bull have a vertical or horizontal repro tract
horizontal
does a BULL have an ampulla
yes
DOG accessory sex glands
prostate gland only- very prominent
does a DOG have an ampulla
NO
does a dog have a horizontal or vertical repro tract
horizontal
RAM accessory sex glands
seminal vesicle, DISSEMINATE prostate, and bulbourethral gland
does a RAM have an ampulla
YES
What does a ram repro tract have that is unique?
urethral process
Is a RAMs repro tract vertical or horizontal
vertical
Uterus
[under estrogen control]
strong rhythmic contractions to propel sperm to site of fertilization
Caruncles
-bumps on the internal surf of the uterus
-placenta attachment
-[prog control]
-implantation
-maintain pregnancy
Oviduct
Site of fertilization
Ovary
-follicle development + CL that produce prog?
-estrogen +egg
-follicle development + CL that produce prog?
-estrogen +egg
What length are cow uterine horns considered
moderate length
What is the point of bifurcation on a cow female repro tract
line/ to start of uterine horns
What shape is a cow ovary
kidney or almond shape
What have different shapes in the female COW and EWE tracts
caruncles
What type of uterine horns does a SOW have
highly developed
description of SOW ovaries
cluster of grapes
length of SOW cervix
long
Description of MARE uterine horns
short and poorly developed
Length of MARE uterine body
large
Why is a large uterine body in a MARE important
Because embryo stays sterile for longer and has to migrate to let her know she is pregnant
MARE ovary
inside out; follicle and developing CL on inside
BITCH uterine horns
long and well defined
Vagina description of BITCHES
long interior vagina and short exterior
Cervical description of BITCH
short has essential tubular paths
QUEEN uterine horns
long and well defined
what are placental scars in QUEENS
left after pregnancy
Primordial follicle
-microscopic
-one layer of squamous (flattened cells)
Primary follicle
-one layer of cuboidal cells
secondary follicle
-2 or more layers of cuboidal cells
-Zone of pelluca
Zone of pelluca
mammalian egg shell/ protects oocyte
Antral follicle
presence of antrum and fluid filled
What does a larger antral follicle mean
more estrogen
What causes standing estres
antrum grows larger and larger as follicle grows larger and larger= more follicle fluid containing estrogen. Eventually hits estrogen threshold and feedback center of the brain.
How many dominant follicles will a COW have
single
how many dominant follicles will a SOW have
multiple
What are the three major cell types in an antral follicle
theca interna, theca externa, and granulosa.
Corpus luteum (CL)
-yellow body
-produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Corpus albicans (CA)
-remaining scar tissue of C.L
-if female does not get signal that an embryo is present and she should maintain pregnancy- uterus produces prostaglandin which destroys CL and becomes a CA
What are the three sections of the oviduct
infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
whats the funnel-like portion of the oviduct
infundibulum
What type of cells are in the Infundibulum
ciliated epithelium
what does the ciliated epithelium in the infundibulum do via the what
moves ovary via the mesosalpinx of broad ligament
Ampulla of ovidcut
-tube structure
-site of fertilization `
Isthmus of oviduct
-the remainder of the tube
-the remainder of the tube
Differences between ampulla and isthmus
-ampulla has a wider diameter
-ampulla has a lot more mucosal folds
-ampulla has more ciliated columnar cells
-ampulla has a thinner muscularis layer
Different types of uterus
-duplex
-bicornuate
-simplex
Duplex uterus
has two cervix
what type of uterus do rabbits and marsupials have
duplex
bicornuate uterus
poor to moderate uterine horns and highly developed uterine horns
examples of bicornuate uterus
mare, cow, bitch, queen, and sow
simplex uterus
all uterine body and no uterine horns`
examples of simplex uterus
humans, primates
what are the layers of the uterus
-perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
Perimetrium
outer layer; serosa
myometrium
muscularis layer
-inner circular outer longitudinal
-peristaltic contractions
Endometrium
-combination of mucosa ad submucosa layers
-points of placental attachment
-glands provide secretions (different under estrogen and progesterone control) for embryo development
What does a cervix have
cervical rings with folds and crypts
cervical crypts
important because they provide areas for the sperm to be stored and can save energy
What cell types does the cervix have
columnar and ciliated columnar
the direction of a MARE cervical folds
parallel
Cell type in the cranial vagina
columnar epithelium
in what species does the end of the cervix extend into the cranial (interior) vagina creating a fornix vagina
COW EWE and MARE
Fornix vagina
semen deposition, mucus flow out, and sperm can flow into muscularis
Caudal vagina + vulva
vestibule
-urinary and reproductive system
- Stratified squamous epithelium
How to tell accessory sex glands
use the bladder then vesicular gland (seminal vesicle) then prostate gland and finally bulbo urethral gland
Stallion accessory sex glands
seminal vesicle, a prominent prostate gland, and a bulbourethral gland
does a stallion have a sigmoid flexure
no
does a stallion have an ampulla
no
does a boar have a sigmoid flexure
yes
does a dog have a sigmoid flexure
no
Testis
sperm and testosterone production
what comes from the accessory sex glands
seminal plasma
three sections of the epididymis
head, body, and tail
Spermatic chord
-area between the body cavity and testis
-vas deferens run through this
pampiniform plexus
radiator system in male
visceral vaginal tunic
outside layer of the testes
parietal vaginal tunic
inner layer of scrotum
what separates the visceral and parietal vaginal tunic
vaginal cavity
tunica dartos
muscle associated with scrotum
tunica albuginea
-hard connective tiisue layer
-holds mass together
rete rubules
effect duct
caput (head) epididymis sperm characteristics
not motile/ not fertile, cant bind to oocyte, DNA become highly packaged
cauda (tail) epididymis
Where sperm are stored
vas deferens
-highly muscular area
-important because propelling sperm up into ejaculatory position from testis within scrotum
-promote strong peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle
Boar repro tract
Bull repro tract
Ram repro tract
Ovary focusing on antral follicle
How do you know it is an antral follicle
fluid filled structure with oocyte
Primordial follicle
single cell of squamous cells
primary follicle
single layer of cuboidal cells
Secondary follicle
multiple layers of cuboidal cells and zone of pelluca
Antral follicle
Innermost layer of antral follicle
granulosa cell layer
cells that form peninsula in ocean of antrum
cumulus oopherous - these cells get ovulated along with the ooocyte
single cells around the oocyte
corona radii
where is the basement membrane in an antral follicle
separates granulosa cells from theca interna cells and then just outside the theca externa cells
Corpus leutium
tissue filled structure- large
Corpus albicans
scar tissue- has connective tissue present
Oviduct (all parts)
Ampulla
wider diameter- more mucosal folds- thin muscularis
Predominant cell type present in ampulla
ciliated columnar
Isthmus
area closest to uterine horn - smaller diameter- fewer mucosal folds- thicker muscularis
Uterus
Lumen with submucosa and mucosa layer
-endometrium
-myometrium
-perimetrium
perimetrium of uterus
transparent layer
myometrium of uterus
muscular layer
endometrium of uterus
submucosa and mucosa layer
Cervix
class folds with cervical crypts that allow sperm to rest and reserve energy
Cauda (posterior) vagina
stratified squamous
interstitial compart with Leydig cells and a basal compartment with Sertoli cells +Spermatogonia
Caput (head) of epididymis
sperm present
Cauda (tail) of epididymis
lots of sperm present because major storage site of sperm + super thick muscularis
Shaft of penis
two lobes= corpus cabernosum
lumen= penile urethral
spongy like tissue= corpus spongiosum- absorb and hold blood
CL from lab
Vas deferens from lab
Isthmus from lab
Ampulla from lab
Antral follicle from lab
Isthmus from lab 2
CL from lab 2
Penile urethra from lab
Uterus from lab
detailed uterus from lab
testes from lab
Penetrating cryoprotectant
pass through the sperm membrane and act at both an intracellular and extracellular level
Examples of penetrating cryoprotectant
glycerol, DMSO, ethylenne glycol
Non-pentrating
act only at an extracellular level. Unable to enter sperm membrane and external osmotic pressure
Examples of non-penetrating cryoprotectants
-proteins found in the milk or egg yolk
-Sugars= fructose, lactose, mannose, and raffinose
-synthetic polymers= PVP
Functions of semen extending agents
-provide energy and nutrients to sperm
-protect against effects of rapid cooling
-provide buffer to prevent harmful shifts in pH as lactic acid is formed
-maintain proper osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance
-inhibit bacterial growth
-increase volume of semen so it can be used for multiple inseminations
-protect sperm during freezing
How long can sperm be stored at 16 degrees Celsius
viable for 3-7 days or 14 depending on extender
How long can sperm be stored at -196 degrees celsius
in theory forever
Vapor freezing
-place the sample in the vapor phase of liquid no2 for 10-20 minutes then plunged into the liquid phase for storage
Controlled rate freezing
-programmable freezing machine and regulated freezing rate
-from 1-4 degrees Celsius every 1
-then at about 5 degrees Celsius take out and induce local ice crystallization and after plung into liquid no2
Type of damage to semen
-disruption of the acrosome
-breakage of the plasma membrane
-leakage of enzymes
-rupture of mitochondria
-breakage of the tail
-loss of motility
loading semen straw
cotton plug
freezing media
air
freezing media and semen
air
freezing media
sealing powder
Hormone
in the blood stream and have access to all cell types in the body
Enter the blood stream and travel to various tissues across body but only recognize tissues that have appropriate receptor
Receptor
docking site for hormone
- Will lead to physiological effect on that tissue
- (H+R) like two puzzle pieces that fit together – geometrical configuration must fit perfectly to bind and have effect on target tissue
Non target tissue
hormones + receptors won’t bind so no effect
Agonist
binds to R and elicit same response as native hormone
- Chemically synthesized design to have certain properties
o Bind w/ high affinity
o Can stay in blood stream for long time – longer ½ life
hCG
comes from placenta // agonist of LH
ECG
-equine chorionic gonadotropin
-previously called pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
Whats the agonist of FSH
eCG
Whats the agonist of estrogen
estradiol cyponate
antagonist
binds to receptor and blocks response
What does hypothalamus produce
GnRH
What does the production of GnRH cause in the anterior pituitary
production of LH and FSH
What does the production of LH and FSH effect
the gonads
What are the negative feedback from the gonads to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
From gonads to anterior pituitary= estrogen and and anterior pituitary to progesterone
What does FSH cause
female: follicular development
Male: spermatogenesis
What does LH cause
female: ovulation and progesterone production
Male: testosterone production
What does the interaction between GnRH and its receptor on gonadotrophin do
used to control reproduction
-estress syncrinization
-contraceptive methods
-many receptors on various cancerous tumors
What does the binding of GnRH and its receptor on gonadotropin upregulate
-enduces more receptors to be made
-expression of alpha subunit, LH beta subunit, and FSH beta subunit that could create LH and FSH and be released from that gonadotrophin
Estradiol cypionate treatment
diluted in corn oil because it is a steroid hormone that doesn’t like water. It cant travel through blood without protein
-was given subQ
PG 600 treatment
commonly used in pigs to enduce puberty and return to estress.
-comprised of eCG and hCG
-protein hormones
-dissoved and delivered in saline
What was the control treatment in the rats in lab 4
saline
What was the control treatment
saline
result of estradiol treatment
-TARGETS UTERUS
-open (more swollen) vagina
-has the heaviest and largest uterus size
Result of PG-600 treatment
biggest ovary size is the primary change and a fluid filled uterus is a secondary change because FSH and LH act on ovary to increase estrogen and prod. to uterus
Result of saline treatment
-smaller uterus
-weighed less
-closed (not swollen) vagina
Preparing mare for AI
- Cleaning mare genitalia
a. start by wrapping tail
b. use mild detergent on vulva to remove any fecal material or any outside material that may infect the tract
c. procedure may be done 2 to 3 times before area is dried and ok is given for insemination.
d. check status of genitalia
- Insemination
a. through vagina
b. once hand is passed over the transurethral fold and the cervix is found w/ hand in front of semination pipette
c. pipette passed inside cervix and mares longitudinal folds (allows for this to be does easily if mare is in estress)
-semen has been deposited
whats the min semen deposition for mares
5 mL
what’s the min sperm concentration for hirses
500 mil live motile sperm
What are the ready to breed signs in mares
squatting, urinating, winking vulva
-leading to mare being inseminated today
How will mares in diestress or anestress react to a stallion
will not show acceptance or interest
Steps in semen collection
- tease stallion to allow for erection
- Pre wash
- Re-tease
- Horse approaches dummy
- Semen is collected
- Horse dismounts
- Penis is post washed to remove gel
palpation of mare
- enter through the rectum
- find limb of pelvic gurdle
- find cervic- then place of bifurcation- then horns- ovaries
What does finding the pelvic gurdle allow for in mares
indication of where cervix may lie
what do you do with the cervix during a rectal palpation of a mare
feel consistency to give indication of estress
what do the uterine horns allow for during rectal palpation of a mare
indication based on tone for status of estress
What do the ovaries allow for during rectal palpation of a mare
gives an idea of follicular size and development
what allows us to move around and maintain orientation during a rectal palpation of a mare
uterine horn along with ovary
what should we do as we leave the tract of a mare
keep fingers together to protect tissue and the body cavities.
