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ASCI 341 > Lab Practical Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Practical Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What animal does this tract belong to?

A

Cow

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2
Q

Cervical structure of the cow`

A

Annular rings

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3
Q

What does a dominant follicle look like on the cow tract?

A

dark, big spot that looks fluid-filled

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4
Q

What does a CL look like on a cow tract?

A

protruding out/ white/yellow - tissue filled- can feel

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5
Q

What animal does this tract belong to?

A

Sow

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6
Q

description of sow tract

A

ovaries like a cluster of grapes and highly advanced uterine horns

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6
Q

description of sow tract

A

ovaries like a cluster of grapes and highly advanced uterine horns

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7
Q

cervical structure of a sow

A

interdigitating pads

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8
Q

cervical structure of a mare

A

longitudinal folds

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9
Q

what does a dominant follicle look like on a sow tract

A

orbeez

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10
Q

BOAR accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicle, prostate (corpus +disseminate), and bulbourethral gland

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11
Q

Does a BOAR have an ampulla

A

NO

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12
Q

Bull accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate (corpus +disseminate), and bulbourethral gland (hidden in ischiocavernosus)

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13
Q

Does a boar have a vertical or horizontal repro tract

A

vertical

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14
Q

Does a bull have a vertical or horizontal repro tract

A

horizontal

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15
Q

does a BULL have an ampulla

A

yes

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16
Q

DOG accessory sex glands

A

prostate gland only- very prominent

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17
Q

does a DOG have an ampulla

A

NO

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18
Q

does a dog have a horizontal or vertical repro tract

A

horizontal

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19
Q

RAM accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicle, DISSEMINATE prostate, and bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

does a RAM have an ampulla

A

YES

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21
Q

What does a ram repro tract have that is unique?

A

urethral process

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22
Q

Is a RAMs repro tract vertical or horizontal

A

vertical

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23
Q

Uterus
[under estrogen control]

A

strong rhythmic contractions to propel sperm to site of fertilization

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24
Q

Caruncles

A

-bumps on the internal surf of the uterus

-placenta attachment

-[prog control]

-implantation

-maintain pregnancy

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25
Q

Oviduct

A

Site of fertilization

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26
Q

Ovary

-follicle development + CL that produce prog?

-estrogen +egg

A

-follicle development + CL that produce prog?

-estrogen +egg

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27
Q

What length are cow uterine horns considered

A

moderate length

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28
Q

What is the point of bifurcation on a cow female repro tract

A

line/ to start of uterine horns

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29
Q

What shape is a cow ovary

A

kidney or almond shape

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30
Q

What have different shapes in the female COW and EWE tracts

A

caruncles

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31
Q

What type of uterine horns does a SOW have

A

highly developed

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32
Q

description of SOW ovaries

A

cluster of grapes

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33
Q

length of SOW cervix

A

long

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34
Q

Description of MARE uterine horns

A

short and poorly developed

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35
Q

Length of MARE uterine body

A

large

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36
Q

Why is a large uterine body in a MARE important

A

Because embryo stays sterile for longer and has to migrate to let her know she is pregnant

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37
Q

MARE ovary

A

inside out; follicle and developing CL on inside

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38
Q

BITCH uterine horns

A

long and well defined

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39
Q

Vagina description of BITCHES

A

long interior vagina and short exterior

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40
Q

Cervical description of BITCH

A

short has essential tubular paths

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41
Q

QUEEN uterine horns

A

long and well defined

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42
Q

what are placental scars in QUEENS

A

left after pregnancy

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43
Q

Primordial follicle

A

-microscopic

-one layer of squamous (flattened cells)

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44
Q

Primary follicle

A

-one layer of cuboidal cells

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45
Q

secondary follicle

A

-2 or more layers of cuboidal cells

-Zone of pelluca

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46
Q

Zone of pelluca

A

mammalian egg shell/ protects oocyte

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47
Q

Antral follicle

A

presence of antrum and fluid filled

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48
Q

What does a larger antral follicle mean

A

more estrogen

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49
Q

What causes standing estres

A

antrum grows larger and larger as follicle grows larger and larger= more follicle fluid containing estrogen. Eventually hits estrogen threshold and feedback center of the brain.

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50
Q

How many dominant follicles will a COW have

A

single

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51
Q

how many dominant follicles will a SOW have

A

multiple

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52
Q

What are the three major cell types in an antral follicle

A

theca interna, theca externa, and granulosa.

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53
Q

Corpus luteum (CL)

A

-yellow body

-produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy

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54
Q

Corpus albicans (CA)

A

-remaining scar tissue of C.L

-if female does not get signal that an embryo is present and she should maintain pregnancy- uterus produces prostaglandin which destroys CL and becomes a CA

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55
Q

What are the three sections of the oviduct

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

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56
Q

whats the funnel-like portion of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

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57
Q

What type of cells are in the Infundibulum

A

ciliated epithelium

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58
Q

what does the ciliated epithelium in the infundibulum do via the what

A

moves ovary via the mesosalpinx of broad ligament

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59
Q

Ampulla of ovidcut

A

-tube structure

-site of fertilization `

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60
Q

Isthmus of oviduct

-the remainder of the tube

A

-the remainder of the tube

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61
Q

Differences between ampulla and isthmus

A

-ampulla has a wider diameter

-ampulla has a lot more mucosal folds

-ampulla has more ciliated columnar cells

-ampulla has a thinner muscularis layer

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62
Q

Different types of uterus

A

-duplex

-bicornuate

-simplex

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63
Q

Duplex uterus

A

has two cervix

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64
Q

what type of uterus do rabbits and marsupials have

A

duplex

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65
Q

bicornuate uterus

A

poor to moderate uterine horns and highly developed uterine horns

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66
Q

examples of bicornuate uterus

A

mare, cow, bitch, queen, and sow

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67
Q

simplex uterus

A

all uterine body and no uterine horns`

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68
Q

examples of simplex uterus

A

humans, primates

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69
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A

-perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

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70
Q

Perimetrium

A

outer layer; serosa

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71
Q

myometrium

A

muscularis layer

-inner circular outer longitudinal

-peristaltic contractions

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72
Q

Endometrium

A

-combination of mucosa ad submucosa layers

-points of placental attachment

-glands provide secretions (different under estrogen and progesterone control) for embryo development

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73
Q

What does a cervix have

A

cervical rings with folds and crypts

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74
Q

cervical crypts

A

important because they provide areas for the sperm to be stored and can save energy

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75
Q

What cell types does the cervix have

A

columnar and ciliated columnar

76
Q

the direction of a MARE cervical folds

A

parallel

77
Q

Cell type in the cranial vagina

A

columnar epithelium

78
Q

in what species does the end of the cervix extend into the cranial (interior) vagina creating a fornix vagina

A

COW EWE and MARE

79
Q

Fornix vagina

A

semen deposition, mucus flow out, and sperm can flow into muscularis

80
Q

Caudal vagina + vulva
vestibule

A

-urinary and reproductive system

  • Stratified squamous epithelium
81
Q

How to tell accessory sex glands

A

use the bladder then vesicular gland (seminal vesicle) then prostate gland and finally bulbo urethral gland

82
Q

Stallion accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicle, a prominent prostate gland, and a bulbourethral gland

83
Q

does a stallion have a sigmoid flexure

A

no

84
Q

does a stallion have an ampulla

A

no

85
Q

does a boar have a sigmoid flexure

A

yes

86
Q

does a dog have a sigmoid flexure

A

no

87
Q

Testis

A

sperm and testosterone production

88
Q

what comes from the accessory sex glands

A

seminal plasma

89
Q

three sections of the epididymis

A

head, body, and tail

90
Q

Spermatic chord

A

-area between the body cavity and testis
-vas deferens run through this

91
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

radiator system in male

92
Q

visceral vaginal tunic

A

outside layer of the testes

93
Q

parietal vaginal tunic

A

inner layer of scrotum

94
Q

what separates the visceral and parietal vaginal tunic

A

vaginal cavity

95
Q

tunica dartos

A

muscle associated with scrotum

96
Q

tunica albuginea

A

-hard connective tiisue layer

-holds mass together

97
Q

rete rubules

A

effect duct

98
Q

caput (head) epididymis sperm characteristics

A

not motile/ not fertile, cant bind to oocyte, DNA become highly packaged

99
Q

cauda (tail) epididymis

A

Where sperm are stored

100
Q

vas deferens

A

-highly muscular area

-important because propelling sperm up into ejaculatory position from testis within scrotum

-promote strong peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle

101
Q
A

Boar repro tract

102
Q
A

Bull repro tract

103
Q
A

Ram repro tract

104
Q
A

Ovary focusing on antral follicle

105
Q

How do you know it is an antral follicle

A

fluid filled structure with oocyte

106
Q
A

Primordial follicle

single cell of squamous cells

107
Q
A

primary follicle

single layer of cuboidal cells

108
Q
A

Secondary follicle

multiple layers of cuboidal cells and zone of pelluca

109
Q
A

Antral follicle

110
Q

Innermost layer of antral follicle

A

granulosa cell layer

111
Q

cells that form peninsula in ocean of antrum

A

cumulus oopherous - these cells get ovulated along with the ooocyte

112
Q

single cells around the oocyte

A

corona radii

113
Q

where is the basement membrane in an antral follicle

A

separates granulosa cells from theca interna cells and then just outside the theca externa cells

114
Q
A

Corpus leutium

tissue filled structure- large

115
Q
A

Corpus albicans

scar tissue- has connective tissue present

116
Q
A

Oviduct (all parts)

117
Q
A

Ampulla
wider diameter- more mucosal folds- thin muscularis

118
Q

Predominant cell type present in ampulla

A

ciliated columnar

119
Q
A

Isthmus

area closest to uterine horn - smaller diameter- fewer mucosal folds- thicker muscularis

120
Q
A

Uterus
Lumen with submucosa and mucosa layer

-endometrium

-myometrium

-perimetrium

121
Q

perimetrium of uterus

A

transparent layer

122
Q

myometrium of uterus

A

muscular layer

123
Q

endometrium of uterus

A

submucosa and mucosa layer

124
Q
A

Cervix
class folds with cervical crypts that allow sperm to rest and reserve energy

125
Q
A

Cauda (posterior) vagina
stratified squamous

126
Q
A

interstitial compart with Leydig cells and a basal compartment with Sertoli cells +Spermatogonia

127
Q
A

Caput (head) of epididymis
sperm present

128
Q
A

Cauda (tail) of epididymis
lots of sperm present because major storage site of sperm + super thick muscularis

129
Q
A

Shaft of penis
two lobes= corpus cabernosum

lumen= penile urethral

spongy like tissue= corpus spongiosum- absorb and hold blood

130
Q
A

CL from lab

131
Q
A

Vas deferens from lab

132
Q
A

Isthmus from lab

133
Q
A

Ampulla from lab

134
Q
A

Antral follicle from lab

135
Q
A

Isthmus from lab 2

136
Q
A

CL from lab 2

137
Q
A

Penile urethra from lab

138
Q
A

Uterus from lab

139
Q
A

detailed uterus from lab

140
Q
A

testes from lab

141
Q

Penetrating cryoprotectant

A

pass through the sperm membrane and act at both an intracellular and extracellular level

142
Q

Examples of penetrating cryoprotectant

A

glycerol, DMSO, ethylenne glycol

143
Q

Non-pentrating

A

act only at an extracellular level. Unable to enter sperm membrane and external osmotic pressure

144
Q

Examples of non-penetrating cryoprotectants

A

-proteins found in the milk or egg yolk

-Sugars= fructose, lactose, mannose, and raffinose

-synthetic polymers= PVP

145
Q

Functions of semen extending agents

A

-provide energy and nutrients to sperm

-protect against effects of rapid cooling

-provide buffer to prevent harmful shifts in pH as lactic acid is formed

-maintain proper osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance

-inhibit bacterial growth

-increase volume of semen so it can be used for multiple inseminations

-protect sperm during freezing

146
Q

How long can sperm be stored at 16 degrees Celsius

A

viable for 3-7 days or 14 depending on extender

147
Q

How long can sperm be stored at -196 degrees celsius

A

in theory forever

148
Q

Vapor freezing

A

-place the sample in the vapor phase of liquid no2 for 10-20 minutes then plunged into the liquid phase for storage

149
Q

Controlled rate freezing

A

-programmable freezing machine and regulated freezing rate

-from 1-4 degrees Celsius every 1

-then at about 5 degrees Celsius take out and induce local ice crystallization and after plung into liquid no2

150
Q

Type of damage to semen

A

-disruption of the acrosome

-breakage of the plasma membrane

-leakage of enzymes

-rupture of mitochondria

-breakage of the tail

-loss of motility

151
Q

loading semen straw

A

cotton plug

freezing media

air

freezing media and semen

air

freezing media

sealing powder

152
Q

Hormone

A

in the blood stream and have access to all cell types in the body
Enter the blood stream and travel to various tissues across body but only recognize tissues that have appropriate receptor

153
Q

Receptor

A

docking site for hormone
- Will lead to physiological effect on that tissue
- (H+R) like two puzzle pieces that fit together – geometrical configuration must fit perfectly to bind and have effect on target tissue

154
Q

Non target tissue

A

hormones + receptors won’t bind so no effect

155
Q

Agonist

A

binds to R and elicit same response as native hormone
- Chemically synthesized design to have certain properties
o Bind w/ high affinity
o Can stay in blood stream for long time – longer ½ life

156
Q

hCG

A

comes from placenta // agonist of LH

157
Q

ECG

A

-equine chorionic gonadotropin

-previously called pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

158
Q

Whats the agonist of FSH

A

eCG

159
Q

Whats the agonist of estrogen

A

estradiol cyponate

160
Q

antagonist

A

binds to receptor and blocks response

161
Q

What does hypothalamus produce

A

GnRH

162
Q

What does the production of GnRH cause in the anterior pituitary

A

production of LH and FSH

163
Q

What does the production of LH and FSH effect

A

the gonads

164
Q

What are the negative feedback from the gonads to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

From gonads to anterior pituitary= estrogen and and anterior pituitary to progesterone

165
Q

What does FSH cause

A

female: follicular development
Male: spermatogenesis

166
Q

What does LH cause

A

female: ovulation and progesterone production

Male: testosterone production

167
Q

What does the interaction between GnRH and its receptor on gonadotrophin do

A

used to control reproduction

-estress syncrinization

-contraceptive methods

-many receptors on various cancerous tumors

168
Q

What does the binding of GnRH and its receptor on gonadotropin upregulate

A

-enduces more receptors to be made

-expression of alpha subunit, LH beta subunit, and FSH beta subunit that could create LH and FSH and be released from that gonadotrophin

169
Q

Estradiol cypionate treatment

A

diluted in corn oil because it is a steroid hormone that doesn’t like water. It cant travel through blood without protein

-was given subQ

170
Q

PG 600 treatment

A

commonly used in pigs to enduce puberty and return to estress.

-comprised of eCG and hCG

-protein hormones

-dissoved and delivered in saline

171
Q

What was the control treatment in the rats in lab 4

A

saline

172
Q

What was the control treatment

A

saline

173
Q

result of estradiol treatment

A

-TARGETS UTERUS

-open (more swollen) vagina

-has the heaviest and largest uterus size

174
Q

Result of PG-600 treatment

A

biggest ovary size is the primary change and a fluid filled uterus is a secondary change because FSH and LH act on ovary to increase estrogen and prod. to uterus

175
Q

Result of saline treatment

A

-smaller uterus

-weighed less

-closed (not swollen) vagina

176
Q

Preparing mare for AI

A
  1. Cleaning mare genitalia

a. start by wrapping tail
b. use mild detergent on vulva to remove any fecal material or any outside material that may infect the tract
c. procedure may be done 2 to 3 times before area is dried and ok is given for insemination.
d. check status of genitalia

  1. Insemination
    a. through vagina
    b. once hand is passed over the transurethral fold and the cervix is found w/ hand in front of semination pipette
    c. pipette passed inside cervix and mares longitudinal folds (allows for this to be does easily if mare is in estress)

-semen has been deposited

177
Q

whats the min semen deposition for mares

A

5 mL

178
Q

what’s the min sperm concentration for hirses

A

500 mil live motile sperm

179
Q

What are the ready to breed signs in mares

A

squatting, urinating, winking vulva

-leading to mare being inseminated today

180
Q

How will mares in diestress or anestress react to a stallion

A

will not show acceptance or interest

181
Q

Steps in semen collection

A
  1. tease stallion to allow for erection
  2. Pre wash
  3. Re-tease
  4. Horse approaches dummy
  5. Semen is collected
  6. Horse dismounts
  7. Penis is post washed to remove gel
182
Q

palpation of mare

A
  1. enter through the rectum
  2. find limb of pelvic gurdle
  3. find cervic- then place of bifurcation- then horns- ovaries
183
Q

What does finding the pelvic gurdle allow for in mares

A

indication of where cervix may lie

184
Q

what do you do with the cervix during a rectal palpation of a mare

A

feel consistency to give indication of estress

185
Q

what do the uterine horns allow for during rectal palpation of a mare

A

indication based on tone for status of estress

186
Q

What do the ovaries allow for during rectal palpation of a mare

A

gives an idea of follicular size and development

187
Q

what allows us to move around and maintain orientation during a rectal palpation of a mare

A

uterine horn along with ovary

188
Q

what should we do as we leave the tract of a mare

A

keep fingers together to protect tissue and the body cavities.

ASCI 341 (13 decks)

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