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A & P 2 > Lecture Final Review > Flashcards

Lecture Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Under what circumstance can hemolytic disease of a newborn occur?

A

Mom is Rh-, has a pregnancy that is Rh+, develops antibodies to Rh factor, has another pregnancy that is also Rh+, only with trauma where their blood mixes will there be hemolytic disease of newborn

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2
Q

what is the most important function of hemoglobin?

A

carries O2

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3
Q

what cell can be found in significant #s during bacterial infection in the body?

A

neutrophils

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4
Q

which cells ultimately become activated to become the largest phagocytic cell in immune system & antigen present?

A

monocytes

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5
Q

when a clot is no longer needed the ______________ is disolved by ______________

A

fibrin clot; plasmin

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6
Q

which arteries/veins are the exception to the rule of O2ed and deO2ed blood?

A

umbilical arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed) and pulmonary arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed)

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7
Q

If a murmur is heard throughout systole (when vents contract), what valves are closed/not fully shut?

A

AV valves

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8
Q

If a murmur is heard throughout diastole (when vents are relaxed), what valves are closed/not fully shut?

A

semilunar valves

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9
Q

Can atherosclerosis lead to an MI?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is the direction of blood flow through the heart?

A

vena cavae–> right atrium–> through tricuspid valve to right ventricle–> through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk–> pulmonary arteries–> lungs–> pulmonary veins–> left atrium–> through bicuspid valve into left ventricle–> through aortic semilunar valve into aorta–> arterials

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11
Q

when is the s1 and s2 sound heard?

A

s1–> closing of AV valves at beginning of systole
s2–> closing of semilunar valves at end of systole

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12
Q

does the QRS complex correspond with ventricle repolarization?

A

no, it corresponds with depolarization

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13
Q

what is the purpose of cordae tendinae?

A

to prevent AV valves from involuting

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14
Q

what is the congenital defect when the foramen ovale fails to shut after birth?

A

atrial septal defect

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15
Q

What does not occur when blood volume drops?
-tachycardia
-renin-angiotensin cascade triggered
-kidneys secrete erythropoietin
-increased systemic BP

A

increased systemic BP duh

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16
Q

name the 3 blood vessels that emerge from the celiac trunk

A

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

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17
Q

name the 2 blood vessels that emerge where abdominal aorta ends inferiorly

A

R and L common iliac

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18
Q

name the 2 first arteries that emerge from inferiorly form aorta

A

R and L coronary arteries

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19
Q

name the 1st 3 branches in order that emerge from the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk (which R common carotid and R subclavian emerges from), L common carotid, L subclavian

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20
Q

describe where your cephalic and basilic veins are

A

cephalic (ceiling) on radial side of arm, basilic (basement) on ulnar side of arm

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21
Q

what is the blood vessel most prefered for blood draws?

A

median cubital VEIN NOT ARTERY

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22
Q

which blood vessel is used for a CABG?

A

great saphenous VEIN NOT ARTERY

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23
Q

which 2 sets of blood vessels directly deliver blood to the circle of willis?

A

internal carotid arteries and basilar arteries

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24
Q

where is the popliteal artery located

A

popliteal region (behind knee)

25
Q

most of the abdominal organs drain directly into _________________

A

hepatic portal vein

26
Q

erythrocytes have no _________________ and derive most ATP from ________________

A

organelles; glycolysis

27
Q

even though lymphatic system involved in __________________ responses, it’s main function is ____________________

A

immune system; homeostasis

28
Q

if lymph vessels in lower L leg in patient become blocked what would you expect

A

edema

29
Q

what is the main defense of respiratory system from unwanted particulate matter from reaching alveoli?

A

mucocilliary escalator

30
Q

Tubes that make up the respiratory tree get smaller and what changes?

A

tubes go from cartilagenous to smooth muscle

31
Q

what is not true about obstructive pulmonary diseases, like asthma?
-decreased FEV
-dilated bronchiole walls
-excessive mucus production
-excess use of scalene muscles
-high O2 sat

A

high O2 sat–>can drop later

32
Q

what makes surfactant and what does it do?

A

type 2 alveolar cells for good gas exchange

33
Q

any ____________________that causes _______________________ can cause R hypertrophy in <3 ventricle

A

pulmonary disease; increase in pulmonary vasculature resistance

34
Q

where are peripheral chemo and baroreceptors located?

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

35
Q

what molecule is most important for respiration?

A

CO2

36
Q

where does most resorption occur in the nephron?

A

PCT

37
Q

what BV gives rise to peritubular networks (wraps around PCT and DCT)

A

efferent arteriole

38
Q

kidneys are responsible for all following except
-longterm BP regulation
-activate vitamin D
-fluid homeostasis
-hematopoiesis
-coverting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea

A

converting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea (urea is a nitrogenous waste)

39
Q

is adult nocturnal micturition normal?

A

NO

40
Q

extra long _______________ in _________________ helps maintain Na+ content in renal medulla

A

loop of henle; juxtamedullary nephrons

41
Q

what is the order of arteries in the kidneys?

A

renal artery–> segmental artery–> interlobar artery–> arcuate artery–> cortical artery

42
Q

what does intrinsic factor do in the stomach?

A

allows B12 absorption in distal ileum

43
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

emulsifies fat

44
Q

where does chemical digestion begin?

A

mouth

45
Q

why does the small intestine have so many folds? what are they?

A

increase surface area for absorption; plicae circularis, villi, microvilli

46
Q

what makes up the enteric NS?

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses

47
Q

what is the tissue at the gastroesophageal junction?

A

on the esophageal side–> non-keratinized stratified squamous ET
on the stomach side–> simple columnar

48
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

enzymes for digestion for carbs, lipids, etc…

49
Q

most hormones are _________ and operate through ______________ mechanisms

A

H2O soluble; negative feedback mechanisms

50
Q

What might happen if the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is damaged in a child

A

may develop but will have a small stature (not producing enough hormones)

51
Q

what is up and down regulation of receptors?

A

up–> creating more receptors when there is too small amount of hormones
down–> destroying/getting rid of receptors when hormone levels are too high (DM2)

52
Q

which muscle helps regulate the temp of the scrotum, allowing sperm to survive? how does it work?

A

cremaster muscle; when too cold, it contracts bringing scrotum closer to body

53
Q

which hormone directly stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

54
Q

what structure anchors uterus anteriorly?

A

round ligament

55
Q

what hormone starts ovarian cycle?

A

GNRH

56
Q

when does secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2?

A

fertilization

57
Q

T or F: placenta produces all hormones in 2-3rd trimester?

A

true

58
Q

what is the longest stage of parturition? (delivery of baby)

A

dilation stage

A & P 2 (11 decks)

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