Lecture Final Review Flashcards
Under what circumstance can hemolytic disease of a newborn occur?
Mom is Rh-, has a pregnancy that is Rh+, develops antibodies to Rh factor, has another pregnancy that is also Rh+, only with trauma where their blood mixes will there be hemolytic disease of newborn
what is the most important function of hemoglobin?
carries O2
what cell can be found in significant #s during bacterial infection in the body?
neutrophils
which cells ultimately become activated to become the largest phagocytic cell in immune system & antigen present?
monocytes
when a clot is no longer needed the ______________ is disolved by ______________
fibrin clot; plasmin
which arteries/veins are the exception to the rule of O2ed and deO2ed blood?
umbilical arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed) and pulmonary arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed)
If a murmur is heard throughout systole (when vents contract), what valves are closed/not fully shut?
AV valves
If a murmur is heard throughout diastole (when vents are relaxed), what valves are closed/not fully shut?
semilunar valves
Can atherosclerosis lead to an MI?
yes
what is the direction of blood flow through the heart?
vena cavae–> right atrium–> through tricuspid valve to right ventricle–> through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk–> pulmonary arteries–> lungs–> pulmonary veins–> left atrium–> through bicuspid valve into left ventricle–> through aortic semilunar valve into aorta–> arterials
when is the s1 and s2 sound heard?
s1–> closing of AV valves at beginning of systole
s2–> closing of semilunar valves at end of systole
does the QRS complex correspond with ventricle repolarization?
no, it corresponds with depolarization
what is the purpose of cordae tendinae?
to prevent AV valves from involuting
what is the congenital defect when the foramen ovale fails to shut after birth?
atrial septal defect
What does not occur when blood volume drops?
-tachycardia
-renin-angiotensin cascade triggered
-kidneys secrete erythropoietin
-increased systemic BP
increased systemic BP duh
name the 3 blood vessels that emerge from the celiac trunk
left gastric
splenic
common hepatic
name the 2 blood vessels that emerge where abdominal aorta ends inferiorly
R and L common iliac
name the 2 first arteries that emerge from inferiorly form aorta
R and L coronary arteries
name the 1st 3 branches in order that emerge from the aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk (which R common carotid and R subclavian emerges from), L common carotid, L subclavian
describe where your cephalic and basilic veins are
cephalic (ceiling) on radial side of arm, basilic (basement) on ulnar side of arm
what is the blood vessel most prefered for blood draws?
median cubital VEIN NOT ARTERY
which blood vessel is used for a CABG?
great saphenous VEIN NOT ARTERY
which 2 sets of blood vessels directly deliver blood to the circle of willis?
internal carotid arteries and basilar arteries
where is the popliteal artery located
popliteal region (behind knee)
most of the abdominal organs drain directly into _________________
hepatic portal vein
erythrocytes have no _________________ and derive most ATP from ________________
organelles; glycolysis
even though lymphatic system involved in __________________ responses, it’s main function is ____________________
immune system; homeostasis
if lymph vessels in lower L leg in patient become blocked what would you expect
edema
what is the main defense of respiratory system from unwanted particulate matter from reaching alveoli?
mucocilliary escalator
Tubes that make up the respiratory tree get smaller and what changes?
tubes go from cartilagenous to smooth muscle
what is not true about obstructive pulmonary diseases, like asthma?
-decreased FEV
-dilated bronchiole walls
-excessive mucus production
-excess use of scalene muscles
-high O2 sat
high O2 sat–>can drop later
what makes surfactant and what does it do?
type 2 alveolar cells for good gas exchange
any ____________________that causes _______________________ can cause R hypertrophy in <3 ventricle
pulmonary disease; increase in pulmonary vasculature resistance
where are peripheral chemo and baroreceptors located?
carotid sinus and aortic arch
what molecule is most important for respiration?
CO2
where does most resorption occur in the nephron?
PCT
what BV gives rise to peritubular networks (wraps around PCT and DCT)
efferent arteriole
kidneys are responsible for all following except
-longterm BP regulation
-activate vitamin D
-fluid homeostasis
-hematopoiesis
-coverting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea
converting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea (urea is a nitrogenous waste)
is adult nocturnal micturition normal?
NO
extra long _______________ in _________________ helps maintain Na+ content in renal medulla
loop of henle; juxtamedullary nephrons
what is the order of arteries in the kidneys?
renal artery–> segmental artery–> interlobar artery–> arcuate artery–> cortical artery
what does intrinsic factor do in the stomach?
allows B12 absorption in distal ileum
what is the function of bile?
emulsifies fat
where does chemical digestion begin?
mouth
why does the small intestine have so many folds? what are they?
increase surface area for absorption; plicae circularis, villi, microvilli
what makes up the enteric NS?
submucosal and myenteric plexuses
what is the tissue at the gastroesophageal junction?
on the esophageal side–> non-keratinized stratified squamous ET
on the stomach side–> simple columnar
what does the exocrine pancreas secrete?
enzymes for digestion for carbs, lipids, etc…
most hormones are _________ and operate through ______________ mechanisms
H2O soluble; negative feedback mechanisms
What might happen if the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is damaged in a child
may develop but will have a small stature (not producing enough hormones)
what is up and down regulation of receptors?
up–> creating more receptors when there is too small amount of hormones
down–> destroying/getting rid of receptors when hormone levels are too high (DM2)
which muscle helps regulate the temp of the scrotum, allowing sperm to survive? how does it work?
cremaster muscle; when too cold, it contracts bringing scrotum closer to body
which hormone directly stimulates spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
what structure anchors uterus anteriorly?
round ligament
what hormone starts ovarian cycle?
GNRH
when does secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2?
fertilization
T or F: placenta produces all hormones in 2-3rd trimester?
true
what is the longest stage of parturition? (delivery of baby)
dilation stage
