Lecture Final Review

Question 1

Under what circumstance can hemolytic disease of a newborn occur?

Answer 1

Mom is Rh-, has a pregnancy that is Rh+, develops antibodies to Rh factor, has another pregnancy that is also Rh+, only with trauma where their blood mixes will there be hemolytic disease of newborn

Question 2

what is the most important function of hemoglobin?

Answer 2

carries O2

Question 3

what cell can be found in significant #s during bacterial infection in the body?

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

which cells ultimately become activated to become the largest phagocytic cell in immune system & antigen present?

Answer 4

monocytes

Question 5

when a clot is no longer needed the ______________ is disolved by ______________

Answer 5

fibrin clot; plasmin

Question 6

which arteries/veins are the exception to the rule of O2ed and deO2ed blood?

Answer 6

umbilical arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed) and pulmonary arteries (deO2ed)/veins (O2ed)

Question 7

If a murmur is heard throughout systole (when vents contract), what valves are closed/not fully shut?

Answer 7

AV valves

Question 8

If a murmur is heard throughout diastole (when vents are relaxed), what valves are closed/not fully shut?

Answer 8

semilunar valves

Question 9

Can atherosclerosis lead to an MI?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what is the direction of blood flow through the heart?

Answer 10

vena cavae–> right atrium–> through tricuspid valve to right ventricle–> through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk–> pulmonary arteries–> lungs–> pulmonary veins–> left atrium–> through bicuspid valve into left ventricle–> through aortic semilunar valve into aorta–> arterials

Question 11

when is the s1 and s2 sound heard?

Answer 11

s1–> closing of AV valves at beginning of systole
s2–> closing of semilunar valves at end of systole

Question 12

does the QRS complex correspond with ventricle repolarization?

Answer 12

no, it corresponds with depolarization

Question 13

what is the purpose of cordae tendinae?

Answer 13

to prevent AV valves from involuting

Question 14

what is the congenital defect when the foramen ovale fails to shut after birth?

Answer 14

atrial septal defect

Question 15

What does not occur when blood volume drops?
-tachycardia
-renin-angiotensin cascade triggered
-kidneys secrete erythropoietin
-increased systemic BP

Answer 15

increased systemic BP duh

Question 16

name the 3 blood vessels that emerge from the celiac trunk

Answer 16

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

Question 17

name the 2 blood vessels that emerge where abdominal aorta ends inferiorly

Answer 17

R and L common iliac

Question 18

name the 2 first arteries that emerge from inferiorly form aorta

Answer 18

R and L coronary arteries

Question 19

name the 1st 3 branches in order that emerge from the aortic arch

Answer 19

brachiocephalic trunk (which R common carotid and R subclavian emerges from), L common carotid, L subclavian

Question 20

describe where your cephalic and basilic veins are

Answer 20

cephalic (ceiling) on radial side of arm, basilic (basement) on ulnar side of arm

Question 21

what is the blood vessel most prefered for blood draws?

Answer 21

median cubital VEIN NOT ARTERY

Question 22

which blood vessel is used for a CABG?

Answer 22

great saphenous VEIN NOT ARTERY

Question 23

which 2 sets of blood vessels directly deliver blood to the circle of willis?

Answer 23

internal carotid arteries and basilar arteries

Question 24

where is the popliteal artery located

Answer 24

popliteal region (behind knee)

Question 25

most of the abdominal organs drain directly into _________________

Answer 25

hepatic portal vein

Question 26

erythrocytes have no _________________ and derive most ATP from ________________

Answer 26

organelles; glycolysis

Question 27

even though lymphatic system involved in __________________ responses, it's main function is ____________________

Answer 27

immune system; homeostasis

Question 28

if lymph vessels in lower L leg in patient become blocked what would you expect

Answer 28

edema

Question 29

what is the main defense of respiratory system from unwanted particulate matter from reaching alveoli?

Answer 29

mucocilliary escalator

Question 30

Tubes that make up the respiratory tree get smaller and what changes?

Answer 30

tubes go from cartilagenous to smooth muscle

Question 31

what is not true about obstructive pulmonary diseases, like asthma? -decreased FEV -dilated bronchiole walls -excessive mucus production -excess use of scalene muscles -high O2 sat

Answer 31

high O2 sat-->can drop later

Question 32

what makes surfactant and what does it do?

Answer 32

type 2 alveolar cells for good gas exchange

Question 33

any ____________________that causes _______________________ can cause R hypertrophy in <3 ventricle

Answer 33

pulmonary disease; increase in pulmonary vasculature resistance

Question 34

where are peripheral chemo and baroreceptors located?

Answer 34

carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 35

what molecule is most important for respiration?

Answer 35

CO2

Question 36

where does most resorption occur in the nephron?

Answer 36

PCT

Question 37

what BV gives rise to peritubular networks (wraps around PCT and DCT)

Answer 37

efferent arteriole

Question 38

kidneys are responsible for all following except -longterm BP regulation -activate vitamin D -fluid homeostasis -hematopoiesis -coverting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea

Answer 38

converting systemic nitrogenous wastes into urea (urea is a nitrogenous waste)

Question 39

is adult nocturnal micturition normal?

Answer 39

NO

Question 40

extra long _______________ in _________________ helps maintain Na+ content in renal medulla

Answer 40

loop of henle; juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 41

what is the order of arteries in the kidneys?

Answer 41

renal artery--> segmental artery--> interlobar artery--> arcuate artery--> cortical artery

Question 42

what does intrinsic factor do in the stomach?

Answer 42

allows B12 absorption in distal ileum

Question 43

what is the function of bile?

Answer 43

emulsifies fat

Question 44

where does chemical digestion begin?

Answer 44

mouth

Question 45

why does the small intestine have so many folds? what are they?

Answer 45

increase surface area for absorption; plicae circularis, villi, microvilli

Question 46

what makes up the enteric NS?

Answer 46

submucosal and myenteric plexuses

Question 47

what is the tissue at the gastroesophageal junction?

Answer 47

on the esophageal side--> non-keratinized stratified squamous ET on the stomach side--> simple columnar

Question 48

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

Answer 48

enzymes for digestion for carbs, lipids, etc...

Question 49

most hormones are _________ and operate through ______________ mechanisms

Answer 49

H2O soluble; negative feedback mechanisms

Question 50

What might happen if the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is damaged in a child

Answer 50

may develop but will have a small stature (not producing enough hormones)

Question 51

what is up and down regulation of receptors?

Answer 51

up--> creating more receptors when there is too small amount of hormones down--> destroying/getting rid of receptors when hormone levels are too high (DM2)

Question 52

which muscle helps regulate the temp of the scrotum, allowing sperm to survive? how does it work?

Answer 52

cremaster muscle; when too cold, it contracts bringing scrotum closer to body

Question 53

which hormone directly stimulates spermatogenesis?

Answer 53

Testosterone

Question 54

what structure anchors uterus anteriorly?

Answer 54

round ligament

Question 55

what hormone starts ovarian cycle?

Answer 55

GNRH

Question 56

when does secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2?

Answer 56

fertilization

Question 57

T or F: placenta produces all hormones in 2-3rd trimester?

Answer 57

true

Question 58

what is the longest stage of parturition? (delivery of baby)

Answer 58

dilation stage