Lecture - Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the respiratory organs
A
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs containing alveoli
2
Q
what are alveoli
A
terminal air pouches at the end of bronchioles, responsible for gas exchange
3
Q
what are the 2 zones the respiratory system is divided into
A
conducting zone and respiratory zone
4
Q
what is the conducting zone responsible for
A
passage-way for air
5
Q
what is the respiratory zone responsible for
A
allow exchange of gases between blood and atmosphere (within lung)
6
Q
in the upper respiratory tract what are the 2 types of mucosa
A
olfactory mucosa and respiratory muscosa
7
Q
where are olfactory mucosa
A
located on superior concha and upper nasal septum
8
Q
what does olfactory mucosa house
A
olfactory receptors for smell
9
Q
where are respiratory mucosa
A
lines remainder of nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi
10
Q
what are the 3 main characteristics of respiratory mucosa
A
ciliated, has goblet cells, and mucosal glands
11
Q
what type of epithelium are on respiratory mucosa
A
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
12
Q
where are the goblet cells located in the respiratory mucosa
A
within epithelium
13
Q
where are the mucosal glands of the respiratory mucosa
A
underlying layer of lamina propria
14
Q
what do the mucosal glands secrete and why
A
secrete lysozyme to destroy bacteria and mucus to trap debris
15
Q
what layer is missing in the respiratory mucosa
A
muscularis mucosa
16
Q
what is the outer layer of respiratory mucosa
A
it varies, could be bone, cartilage, or smooth muscle
17
Q
where does the cilia in respiratory mucosa move contaminated mucus
A
to oropharynx to be swallowed (or spit out)
18
Q
what are external nares
A
nostrils
19
Q
where is the vestibule of external nares
A
interior/lateral to nostrils (space within flared region of nose)
20
Q
what is within the vestibule and what purpose does it have
A
hairs to trap particles
21
Q
what type of epithelium is in the external nares
A
stratified squamous epithelium
22
Q
what is the nasal septum
A
what the nasal cavity is divided by
23
Q
what is the septum covered by and why
A
Covered by respiratory mucosa to trap particles
24
Q
what is the nasal septum continuous with
A
nasopharynx
25
what is the choanae
opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
26
what is the superior and middle section of the nasal conchae part of
the ethmoid bone
27
what is the inferior section of the nasal conchae part of
maxilla
28
how are the nasal conchae shaped as
scroll-like projections that form large ridges
29
what is the nasal conchae covered
covered by respiratory mucosa
30
what does the nasal conchae cause
turbulent air flow
31
where are the nasal meatuses
grooves inferior to each concha
32
what are the 3 parts of the meatus
Superior meatus, Middle meatus, Inferior meatus
33
what are the 3 functions of the conchae and meatuses
filter air of particulate matter, warm inhaled air, and moisten inhaled air (water from mucus coating)
34
what happens before exhalation
the heat and moisture from air is reclaimed
35
what are paranasal sinuses
air-filled spaces within skull bones surrounding nasal cavity (most open into meatuses)
36
what are the 4 paranasal sinuses
frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary
37
what are the paranasal sinuses continuous with
nasal cavity
38
what are the paranasal sinuses lined with
respiratory mucosa
39
what is the role of respiratory mucosa in the paranasal sinuses
warm and moisten air, trap dust, lighten skull, sound resonance
40
what is the nasopharynx
an air passageway
41
when is the nasopharynx closed off
during swallowing
42
what is the nasopharynx lined with
respiratory mucosa
43
what are pharyngeal tonsils
destroy entering pathogens
44
what opening does the nasopharynx contain
the opening to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
45
where is the larynx
lies at entrance to trachea
46
what are the 3 functions of the larynx
voice production (contains vocal cords), provides an open airway, and routes air and food into proper channels (epiglottis)
47
what is the larynx made up of
5 major cartilages, 2 minor cartilages, and 1 bone (hyoid)
48
what does the hyoid bone do
aid movements of tongue
49
what are the 5 major cartilages of the larynx
epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, are 2 arytenoid cartilages (paired)
50
what type of cartilage are each of the major cartilages in the larynx
all are hyaline cartilage except epiglottis which is elastic cartilage
51
where is the epiglottis
attaches to posterior tongue
52
what is the function of the epiglottis
closes off trachea during swallowing
53
what is the largest cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage
54
what is the laryngeal prominence
the adams apple
55
what tissue is the thyrohyoid membrane made of
connective tissue
56
where is the cricoid cartilage are what is its shape
ring shaped, inferior to thyroid cartilage
57
what membrane is in the cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid membrane
58
what shape are the arytenoid cartilages
pyramid shaped
59
where are the arytenoid cartilages
sit on posterior cricoid cartilage
60
what do the arytenoid cartilages anchor
true vocal cords (vocal ligaments)
61
what fibers are the vocal ligaments made of
elastic fibers
62
what are the elastic fibers covered by
mucosa
63
what is the rima glottidis
space between vocal cords
64
how do vocal cords move
via movements of arytenoids
65
what are the 2 types of movements from the arytenoids
lateral-medial and rotation
66
what do the lateral-medial movements do
increase/decrease size of rima glottidis
67
what do the rotation movements do
change length/tension of cords = pitch
68
what causes pitch to change in voice
length and tension of vocal folds in the larynx
69
what causes a lower pitch in males during puberty
thyroid cartilage narrows and lengthens (vocal cords elongate)
70
what causes loudness to change in the larynx
depends on force of air across the vocal cords
71
what innervates the larynx
recurrent laryngeal neves, branch from vagus (cranial nerve X)
72
where does the trachea descend into
the mediastinum
73
what keeps airway open in the trachea
C-shaped cartilage rings (16-20)
74
what is in the walls of the trachea and what do they do during exhalation
elastin which recoils during exhilation
75
what epithelium is on the respiratory mucosa in the trachea
ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
76
what do the cilia in the mucosa of the trachea do
move trapped particles in mucous toward pharynx
77
what is the bronchial tree
extensively branching respiratory passageways (about 23 orders of branching)
78
what are primary bronchi (main bronchi)
the largest bronchi (right and left primary bronchi)
79
what is different between the left and right bronchi
the right main bronchi is wider and shorter than the left
80
what are the 3 bronchi in the conducting zone
secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, and bronchioles
81
how many bronchi are in the secondary bronchi and what side are they on
3 on right (right lung has 3 lobes) and 2 on left side (left lung has 2 lobes)
82
where are the tertiary bronchi
they branch into different lung segments in each lobe
83
what are bronchioles
little bronchi; less than 1 mm n diameter
84
what are bronchioles missing that other bronchi have
no cartilage in the walls
85
what are terminal bronchioles
less than 0.5 mm in diameter, the end of conducting zone
86
what are the 3 changes that occur along the conducting pathway
1. supportive tissue change
2. epithelium change
3. smooth muscle becomes important
87
what is the change that occurs in the connective tissues (2)
1. C-shaped rings are replaced by cartilage plates (beginning in secondary bronchi to end of tertiary bronchi);
2. no cartilage in bronchioles
88
what are the 3 different epithelium in the conducting pathways and where are they
1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar to the end of bronchi
2. replaced by ciliated simple columnar in larger bronchioles
3. replaced by ciliated simple cuboidal in smallest bronchioles
89
when are the 3 times that smooth muscles becomes important
1. contraction/relaxation changes diameter
2. small amount in trachea causes reduced lumen during coughing
3. in bronchioles is regulated air flow to lung
90
what are the main layers in bronchioles
contains smooth muscles and connective tissue in the outer layer
91
what are bronchopulmonary segments
the segments that each lung is divided into (functional and anatomical)
92
what are the bronchopulmonary segments separated by and why
thick sheet of connective tissue to minimize infection spread
93
what is each segment supplied by
tertiary bronchus (right lung=10 total and left lung=9-10 total)
94
what are the 3 air-exchanging structures in the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
95
where do respiratory bronchioles branch from
terminal bronchioles
96
what do respiratory bronchioles lead to
alveolar ducts (with a few alveoli)
97
what do alveolar ducts open into
alveolar sacs
98
what are alveolar sacs
clusters of several alveoli
99
what is the order of bronchi and bronchioles
primary bronchi -> secondary (lobar) bronchi -> tertiary (segmental) bronchi -> multiple branches of bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles (end of conducting zone) -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli (last 3 are respiratory zone)
100
what is the function of alveoli
site for gas exchange between blood and air
101
how many alveoli are in each lung
about 150 million
102
what type of cells make up alveoli
Type I cells and their basal laminae
103
what type of epithelium are in the cells of alveoli
Simple squamous epithelial cells
104
what are the 2 things that are scattered amount type I cells in alveoli
Type II cells and macrophages
105
what type of epithelium is in type II cells
cuboidal epithelial cells
106
what do type II cells secrete and what does it do
pulmonary surfactant which reduces surface tension of inner alveolar wall and helps prevent alveoli from collapsing
107
what surrounds alveoli
extensive network of blood capillaries and elastic fibers
108
what occurs between blood capillaries and alveoli
Exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and air inside alveoli
109
what happens to the elastic fibers around alveoli during exhilation
some recoil of stretched alveoli
110
what connects alveoli and why
Interconnect by way of alveolar pores to equilibrate pressures between alveoli
111
what is the respiratory membrane
barrier for diffusion of gases across alveolar wall
112
how big is the respiratory membrane
very thin layer: 0.5mm
113
what are the 3 things that respiratory membrane consists of
1. plasma membrane of type I alveolar cells
2. basal laminae
3. plasma membrane of capillary endothelial cells
114
what are the 4 organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
115
what is the function of the kidneys
produce urine
116
what is the function of ureters
drain urine from kidneys
117
what is the function of the urinary bladder
stores urine
118
what is the function of the urethra
drain urine from bladder during urination
119
how is the urethra different in males and females
males: merges with reproductive tract; females: separate
120
what are the 3 layers of kidneys
renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis
121
what does the renal cortex contain
uriniferous tubules
122
what does the renal medulla contain
consists of renal pyramids
123
where is the renal pelvis/what is it near
just inside the hilus; continuous with ureter; within renal sinus
124
how many minor vs major calyces are in the kidneys
7-13 minor and 2-3 major
125
where do the minor calyces drain into
major calyces
126
where do the major calyces drain into
renal pelvis
127
what do renal pyramids consist of
collecting ducts
128
what do collecting ducts drain into and through what
minor calyces through openings at papillae of pyramids
129
what is the flow of filtrate from collecting ducts
collecting ducts -> through openings at papillae of pyramids -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters
130
what is the functional unit of kidneys
uriniferous tubules (about 1 mil per kidney)
131
what are uriniferous tubules composed of (2)
nephrons and collecting ducts
132
what are the 2 parts of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubules
133
what do collecting ducts do
involved in concentrating urine
134
what are the 2 parts of renal corpuscles
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
135
where are renal corpuscles located
only in renal cortex
136
what is the glomerulus capsule
twisted ball of blood capillaries (fenestrated)
137
what are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule
parietal layer (outer layer) and visceral layer
138
what type of epithelium is in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
simple squamous epithelium
139
what does the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consist of and what does it cover
consists of podocytes and cover glomerular capillaries
140
which capsule surrounds the other
Glomerular capsule surrounds glomerulus
141
what is the vascular pole
open end where arterioles enter and leave
142
what are the 2 types of capillary beds that nephrons are associated with
each glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
143
what are the capillaries fed and drained by in each glomerulus
by afferent arteriole (blood into glomeruli) and by efferent arteriole (blood out of glomeruli
144
what do peritubular capillaries arise from
efferent arterioles
145
where are peritubular capillaries
they surround renal tubules
146
what are the characteristics of the peritubular capillaries
low pressure, porous, and absorb solutes and water
147
what are the 2 classes of nephrons
cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons
148
which class of nephron is more abundant
cortical nephrons (85%)
149
where are cortical nephrons
entirely within cortex of kidney
150
what percentage does juxtamedullary nephrons make up
15% of nephrons
151
where are juxtamedullary nephrons
at junction of cortex and medulla
152
what structure do juxtamedullary nephrons make up
long loops of henle
153
what are juxtamedullary nephrons responsible for
kidney's ability to form small volumes of concentrated urine
154
what is a vasa recta
thin walled looping capillary
155
where is the vasa recta
surrounds juxtamedullary nephrons; part of the kidneys urine concentrating mechanism
156
where do the vasa recta capillaries dip down from
dip down from base of pyramids toward ampullae into medulla
157
what is the order of blood vessels supplying kidneys
renal artery -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular (radiate arteries) -> afferent arterioles -> glomeruli -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta -> veins
158
what are the 3 continuous segments of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
159
what are the 3 subparts of the loop of henle
descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb
160
where does the distal convoluted tubule drain into
into collecting ducts
161
where does the filtrate come from before entering into the renal tubules
glomerular (capsular) space
162
where does the filtrate leave the glomerular space through
Leave capsular space through opening into tubule (urinary pole)
163
what type of epithelium is in the PCT
simple cuboidal epithelium with extensive microvilli on apical surface of cells and a brush border (stains pink)
164
what type of epithelium is in each part of the loop of henle
descending limb: first simple cuboidal then simple squamous further along
loop region: simple squamous
ascending limb: thin segment is simple squamous but thick segment is simple suboidal
165
what type of epithelium is in the DCT
simple cuboidal with a few microvilli and reduced brush border
166
is the lumen to tubule size ration greater in the DCT or PCT
Lumen to tubule size ratio greater in DCT than in PCT
167
what is the function of the collecting ducts
Each collect filtrate from the DCT of several nephrons
168
what type of epithelium do the collecting ducts have
first simple cuboidal then toward papillae it becomes columnar
169
what also changes in the collecting ducts when the epithelium changes
the lumen gets smaller
170
what is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex
regulation of blood pressure
171
what do juxtaglomerular (granular) cells secrete
renin
172
where are juxtaglomerular cells located
around afferent arterioles
173
what part of the complex pathway are juxtaglomerular cells involved with
Na+ reabsorption
174
what is the macula densa part of
a portion of DCT
175
what do the epithelium cells look like in the macula densa
tall closely packed epithelial cells
176
what are the 2 main functions of the macula densa
1. act as chemoreceptors to monitor solute concentration in filtrate passing through DCT
2. signal juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin if
177
what is the function of the ureters
carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
178
what does the oblique entry of the ureter into the bladder prevent
backflow of urine
179
what are the 3 layers of the ureter
mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
180
what type of epithelium is the mucosa layer of the ureter
transitional epithelium (stratified)
181
what is within the mucosa layer of the ureter
typical lamina propria and elastic fibers
182
what are the 2 layers in the muscularis layer of the ureter
inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
183
what type of tissue is in the adventitia layer of the ureter
typical connective tissue
184
what is the urinary bladder
a collapsible muscular sac
185
what type of epithelium is in the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
186
what are the 3 layers of the muscularis layer in the urinary bladder made of
3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
187
what is the function of the urinary bladder
stores and expels urine
188
what shape is the urinary bladder when it is full and where does it lie
spherical, expands into abdominal cavity
189
where is the urinary bladder when it is empty
lies entirely within the pelvis
190
what are the 4 main functions of the reproductive system
produce sex cells, produce sex hormones, nourish sex cells, transport sex cells
191
what is the general term for sex cells and what is the specific male and female terms
gametes, male=spermatazoa, female=oocytes
192
what is the general term for male sex hormones and what is the main one
androgens, mainly testosterone
193
what is the general term for female sex hormones and what is the main one
estrogens, mainly estradiol
194
what are the 2 classes of sex organs
gonads and accessory sex organs
195
what are the gonads called in males and females
males= testes, females=ovaries
196
what are the 2 main structures of accessory sex organs
glands and transport tubes (for gametes)
197
what do the glands do in the accessory sex organs
secrete fluids and various molescules
198
where are the testes contained
in the scrotum
199
what is the scrotum
skin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes
200
what type of muscle is the scrotum
dartos muscle (smooth muscle)
201
what does the position of the testes provide
an environment 3 degrees cooler than body temp
202
why do the testes need to be in a cool environment
Internal body temperature too high for sperm development
203
what is cremaster muscle
bands of skeletal muscle surrounding the testes to elevate the testes
204
what are the 2 main parts of the testes
tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules
205
what is the tunica albuginea in the testes
a fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding each testis
206
what part of the tunica albuginea divides each testis
partitions (septa) that extend inward
207
what are the lobes of each testis made of
250-300 lobules, each lobule containing 1-4 coiled semiferous tubules
208
what is spermatogenesis
the site of sperm development in the seminiferous tubules
209
what are the seminiferous tubules surrounded by
loose (areolar) connective tissue and myoid cells
210
what do myoid cells do in seminiferous tubules
rhythmically contract to propel sperm through tubules
211
what does the epithelium in the seminiferous tubules consist of
spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells
212
what are spermatogenic cells
sperm forming cells
213
what are sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)
support cells
214
what is the shape of sertoli cells
tall, columnar shaped cells
215
what is the relationship between spermatogenic and sertoli cells
All spermatogenic cells in direct contact with Sertoli cells
216
what are the 3 reasons why sertoli cells are required for sperm development
1. Secrete molecules necessary for sperm maturation
2. Provide nutrients for sperm
3. Secrete fluid to flush sperm into epididymis
217
what do the tight junctions between the sertoli cells form
blood testis barrier
218
when do spermatogenesis cells start to form
begins at puberty
218
what are the 2 main components of the head
chromosomes (within nucleus) and acrosome at tip
218
why does the blood testis barrier need to exist
Immune system does not recognize mature sperm and late spermatocytes as “self” ; barrier prevents destruction by immune cells
218
how many sperm are produced daily
400 million
219
as sperm cells differentiate, where do they move to
move from periphery of tubule toward lumen
219
what is the order of sperm cell differentiation
spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatazoa
220
why is there an unlimited supply of sperm cells
following cell dividion, one spermatogonia (most immature) stays to produce more
220
what are the 3 parts of sperm
head (with nucleus), midpiece, and tail (flagellum)
221
what are the acrosome in sperm
enzymes necessary for fertilization
222
what is contained within the midpiece
mitochondria
223
what is the function of the tail of sperm
performs whiplike movements to propel sperm
224
what are leydig cells (interstitial cells)
cells in testes that secrete testosterone
225
where are leydig cells located
in between seminiferous tubules
226
what is the rete testis
interconnecting network of ducts
227
what gets flushed into the rete testis
Spermatazoa flushed from seminiferous tubules
228
after being flushed into rete testis, where does the spermatazoa go
into initial portion (proximal) of epididymis
229
when uncoiled, how long is the epididymis
6m
230
where is the epididymis
within scrotum
231
what type of epithelium is on the epididymis
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
232
what is on top on the epithelium in the epididymis
tufts of stereocilia (immobile long microvilli)
233
what is on top of the stereocilia
sperm
234
how long does it take for sperm to move through everything
20 day minimum but can remain in terminal for 2-3 months
235
what is the ductus deferens
18 inch long structure connected to epididymis that transports sperm
236
what is a vasectomy
surgically cut portion of ductus deferens located in scrotum
237
what does the thick muscularis layer in the ductus deferens do
make contractions to help move sperm
238
what connects the ductus deferens to the prostatic urethra
ejaculatory duct
239
what epithelium lines the ductus deferens
pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
240
what are the 3 main components in the accessory glands
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
241
where are the seminal vesicles
lie on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
242
what is the function of seminal vesicles
secretes most (60%) of semen
243
what is semen
spermatazoa and fluids
244
what makes up the fluid portion of semen
fructose to nourish sperm
245
what does the fluid portion secrete and why
prostaglandins which are molecules that induce contractions in female reproductive tract
246
why does semen clot
more likely to remain in female reproductive tract
247
where do seminal vesicles drain into
ejaculatory duct
248
where is the prostate gland
encircles the prostatic urethra
249
what consists within the prostate gland
20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands embedded in dense connective tissue
250
what are the 3 types of compound tubuloalveolar glands in the accessory glands
mucosal, submucosal, and main glands
251
when tumors grow in the glands, which glands are typically benign vs malignant
mucosal glands are benign and submucosal/main glands are malignant if tumor grows
252
what does the prostate gland secrete
25-30% of seminal fluid
253
what does the prostate gland do to clotted semen
dissolve it to release sperm
254
what size and where is the bulbourethral gland
pea sized glands inferior to prostate gland
255
what do the bulbourethral glands produce
mucus
256
where does the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands go
enters spongy (penile) urethra prior to ejaculation
257
what does the mucus from the bulbourethral glands do (2)
cleanses and lubricates urethra and enhances pH for optimal survival
258
what type of tissue is in the penis and where is it
Thick tubes of erectile tissue surrounded by connective tissue; run length of penis
259
what are cavernous spaces in the penis
Contain large blood sinuses that can fill with blood during sexual arousal
260
what does the parasympathetic input do in the penis
dilate arteries and compress veins
261
what happens when the penis is erect
blood rushes into cavernous spaces
262
what are the 3 erectile bodies
2 dorsal erectile bodies and 1 ventral erectile body
263
what are the dorsal erectile bodies called and where is it
corpora cavernosa, most of the mass of penis
264
what is the ventral erectile body called and where is it
corpus spongiosum, surrounds penile urethra and expands into glans penis
265
what are the 4 main parts of the female reproductive system
ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina
266
what do the ovaries produce
oocytes and hormones
267
what is the function of the uterine tubes
transports ova to uterus and is the site of fertilization
268
what is the function of the uterus
provides environment for developing embryo/fetus
269
what is the function of the vagina
delivery of baby and coitus
270
what are the 3 main layers of the ovaries
tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule), cortex, and medulla
271
what is within the cortex
contains developing gametes
272
what type of tissue is the medulla
loose connective tissue
273
what is within the medulla layer
Largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
274
what are oogonia
undifferentiated sex cells
275
how many oogonia do early fetus ovaries have
6-7 million
276
what are oocytes
differentiated sex cells
277
what are follicular cells
supportive cells that always surround oocytes from right before birth and onward
278
what are follicles
oocytes plus follicular cells
279
what are primordial follicles
most immature follicle
280
what type of cells make up the primordial follicles
single layer of squamous follicular cells
281
what happens to most primordial follicles
most degenerate before birth
282
how many primordial follicles do fetuses have vs when they are born
about 2 million when a fetus and about 500,000 at birth
283
what happens to the primordial follicles when the individual starts puberty
10-20 primordial follicles start to develop
284
what are granulosa cells
when the follicles start to develop, they form a single layer of cuboidal cells
285
what are primary follicles
oocyte + single layer of granulosa cells
286
how many primordial follicles mature to be released as ova (eggs)
about 400 (1 per month starting at puberty until 45)
287
what are atretic follicles (atresia)
the rest of the primordial follicles that are not released as eggs but start to mature (they degenerate)
288
what stimulates development of follicles
follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland
289
what is zona pellucida
a glycoprotein layer that surrounds the developing oocyte
290
what structures secrete zona pellucida
oocytes and granulosa cells
291
what does the zona pellucida create
a barrier for sperm to penetrate during fertilization
292
what part of the sperm is used to penetrate the zona pellucida
acrosomal enzymes in sperm head
293
what does the zona pellucida do to prevent many sperm from penetrating
As soon as one sperm penetrates zona pellucida, it hardens and prevents other sperm from fertilizing oocyte
294
what are theca cells
specialized connective tissue cells that surround layers of granulosa when granulosa cells divide
295
what are secondary follicles
oocyte + granulosa cells + thecal cells
296
what is the antrum
fluid filled space developed by seconddary follicles
297
what is the antrum filled with
liquor folliculi
298
what cells produce estrogens
granulosa and thecal cells
299
when the antrum expands, what does it separate
separates the oocyte from most granulosa cells (remains connected by a thin stalk of cells)
300
what is the corona radiata
A layer of granulosa cells remain around oocyte
301
how long does the corona radiata remain with mature oocytes
until after ovulation
302
what does the secondary follicles turn into
a mature follicle (graafian)
303
after ovulation what happens to the follicle cells that do not turn into the one mature follicle
corpus luteum
304
what does the corpus luteum secrete
progesterone and estrogen
305
what are the 2 main layers in the uterine tubes
mucosa and muscularis
306
what type of epithelium is in muscosa layer
simple columnar with both ciliated and non ciliated cells
307
how is the mucosa layer structured
many folds
308
what do the cilia do in the mucosa layer
Beating of cilia help propel ovum toward uterus; create currents
309
what do cells secrete in the mucosa layer
fluid to aid transport of ovum
310
what are the 3 layers of muscularis made of
smooth muscle
311
what does contraction of the muscluaris layer do
aids in movement of ovum
312
what is the uterus
hollow thick walled organ
313
what are the 3 layers in the uterine wall and which is the inner/outer layer
endometrium (inner), myometrium (middle), and perimetrium (outer)
314
what type of epithelium lines the endometrium layer
simple columnar epithelial
315
what are the 2 layers of the endometrium
functional layers and basal layer
316
what are the parts of the functional layer
lamina propria with blood vessels and uterine glands
317
what happens to the functional layer during menstration
it is shed
318
what is the function of the basal layer of the endometrium
remains to replenish endometrium
319
what is the thickest layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
320
what type of muscle is the myometrium made of
smooth muscle
321
what does contraction of the myometrium do
helps expel baby
322
what is the perimetrium made of
outer serous membrane
323
what is the cervix
narrow region of uterus that opens into vagina
324
what are the 2 things the cervix is responsible for
1. Functional layer re-builds; increase in blood vessels and glands
2. secretion of nutrients for embryo
325
what is the vagina
thin walled tube
326
what are the 4 layers of the vagina
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia, and fornix
327
what type of epithelium lines the mucosa layer
stratified squamous epithelium
328
what is within the lamina propria layer of the muscosa
elastic fibers
329
what is the function of the transverse folds in the mucosa layer
help grip penis
330
what type of muscle is the muscularis
smooth muscle
331
what is the fornix
recessed portion around cervix
332
how many lobes are the mammary glands divided into
15-25
333
what does each lobe in the mammary glands contain
a distinct compound acinar (alveolar) gland with many branching ducts
334
what is each lobe divided into
lobules
335
what is each lobule
cluster of secretory units (alveoli)
336
what shaped cells make up the lobules
cuboidal cells
337
what are the lobes in the mammary glands separated by
large amounts of adipose (fat)
338
what is milk carried through
carried through larger, and larger ducts until they become Lactiferous Ducts beneath nipple
339
what is the lactiferous sinus
when lactiferous ducts converge at nipple and contain a swelling
340
where does milk collect during nursing
in lactiferous sinus
341
what is myoepithelial
modified smooth muscle cells that surround alveoli, ducts and sinuses; help express milk
342
what are suspensory ligaments made of
fibrous connective tissue from fascia of underlying skeletal muscle to dermis of skin
343
what is the function of suspensory ligaments
support breast
344
what is the mammary line
epidermal ridge from armpit to groin where mammary glands develop
345
what happens to most mammary lines
all but a pair in thorax degenerate
346
what part of the mammary glands develop before puberty
only lactiferous ducts with few branches
347
what part of the mammary gland develop at puberty
lactiferous ducts grow and branch extensively but secretory units (acini) are absent
348
what happens to mammary glands during pregnancy
secretory glands divide and acini sprout from ends of ducts
