Lecture Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, and triglyceride (fat) storage.

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2
Q

What covers the outside of compact bone?

A

Periosteum

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3
Q

What covers the inside of compact bone?

A

Endosteum

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4
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

What is the end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphyses

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6
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

They maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors.

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7
Q

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

It is produced by parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels.

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8
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

low levels of calcium cause hyperexcitability.

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9
Q

What gland secretes earwax?

A

Ceruminous glands

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10
Q

Which glands are specific only to genitalia and axillary regions?

A

Apocrine glands

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11
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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12
Q

Epidermis consists of what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue and it is avascular.

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13
Q

What tissue mostly makes up the dermis?

A

Fibrous connective tissue, and it is vascular.

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14
Q

What tissue mostly makes up the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue.

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15
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Tightly holds 2 cells together.

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16
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

17
Q

How many layers make up the thick skin and where is it primarily found?

A

It contains five layers and it is mainly found in the palm of the hands, and the soles of the feet.

18
Q

What is the layer of skin called that is ONLY found in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

19
Q

Cyanosis can indicate what?

A

blue skin color; low oxygenation of hemoglobin.

20
Q

Pallor

A

blanching, pale color; indicates anemia, low blood pressure, and fear.

21
Q

Erythmea

A

Redness; indicates fever, hypertension, inflammation, and allergy.

22
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow; liver disorders.

23
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

24
Q

What is the function of the lacunae of the osteon?

A

Small cavities that contain osteocytes.

25
Q

Name some tissues with virtually no functional regenerative capacity?

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord.

26
Q

Tissues that regenerate extremely well include:

A

Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective
tissue, blood-forming tissue.

27
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

No blood vessels.

28
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain the matrix.

29
Q

What are osteons?

A

Individual units of the compact bone.

30
Q

What is found at the tip of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs?

A

Hyaline cartilage

31
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the ears and epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

32
Q

What strong cartilage is found in intervertebral discs, knee, and pubic symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage.