Ch. 1a: An introduction Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology
Study of the function of their parts; how they work.
Structural Organization
atoms > molecules > organelles > single cell > groups of similar cells > tissue > organs > organ systems > living being/human body
Necessary Life Functions (requirements for life)
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
How many organ systems are there in total?
11 organ systems.
Integumentary System
Forms the skin and protects tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses sweat (eccrine & apocrine) and oil (sebaceous) glands as well as cutaneous receptors (Pain, pressure, etc.)
Ex.: skin, hair, nails
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs. Provides support and stability for muscles to use in order to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Ex.: joints, bones
Muscular System
Allows movement of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Ex.: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, etc.
Nervous System
The fast-acting control center of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Ex.: Brain, nerves, spinal cord
Endocrine System
Glands that secrete hormones that regulate body processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism).
Ex.: Thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovary (female), testes (male)
Cardiovascular System/Circulatory System
Blood vessels transport blood that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
Ex.: Heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic System/Immune System
Picks up fluid leftover from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign structures within the body.
Ex.: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, red bone marrow, etc.
Respiratory system
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Ex.: Lungs, bronchus, nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, pharynx
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible food is eliminated as feces.
Ex.: Oral cavity, liver, stomach, rectum, anus, esophagus, large & small intestines
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood.
Ex.: Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Male Reproductive System
The function is to produce offspring. Testes (plural) produce sperm and male sex hormones. Male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Ex.: prostate, penis, scrotum, testis (singular), ductus deferens/vas deferens.
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of the female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Ex.: Mammary glands, ovary, uterus/womb, vagina, uterine tube/fallopian tube.
Receptor (sensor)
Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli.
