Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the Central Nervous System
The Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the Peripheal Nervous System
- Spinal and cranial nerves.
- Transmits info to and from the brain and spinal cord.
transmits impulses to the CNS
Sensory (afferent) division
transmits impulses from the CNS to the effectors (organs, glands and muscles).
Motor (efferent) Division
conscious, voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
unconscious, involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; 2 antagonist divisions
Autonomic nervous system
an unlearned, involuntary, rapid, predictable response to a stimulus
Reflex
what are the 5 Sensory receptors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Nociceptors
What receptor deals with touch, pressure, stretch
Mechanoreceptors
what Receptors deal with Temperature change
Thermoreceptors
What Receptors deal with Light
Photoreceptors
whats Receptors deal with chemicals in solution (smell & taste) or changes in the chemical make-up of the blood or other body fluids
Chemoreceptors
what receptors deal with pain simuli
Nociceptors
what root deals with only sensory neurons
Dorsal root
what root deals with only motor neurons
Ventral Root
collection of nerve roots at the end of the vertebral canal
Cauda equina
how many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there
31 pairs
What is the role of the parasympathetic Division?
- “Feed or Breed” “Rest and Digest”
- Keeps energy use low.
- Controls digestion, defecation, diuresis & some reproductive activities.
- Ex. relaxing after a meal:
- BP, HR and RR are low
- Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
- Skin is warm; pupils are constricted
what is the role of the Sympathetic Division
- “Fight or Flight”
- Controls exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
- Ex. a person who is threatened:
- HR, BP, RR increase; airways & pupils dilate.
- Blood routed away from the skin and the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
- ↑blood flow to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
- Skin is cold and sweaty.
What is the Sequence of the Reflex Arc
- Sensory receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Interneuron
- Motor neuron
- Effector
electrically excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
Neurons
cells that surround neurons and promote their proper functioning
Neuroglia
what are the 5 Neuroglia cells
- Astrocytes (CNS)
- Microglia (CNS)
- Ependymal cells (CNS)
- Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- Schwann cells (PNS)
Connect neurons and capillaries
Astrocytes
•Phagocytosis.
Substitute for immune cells which are prevented from entering CNS
Microglia
- Line the cavities of brain and spinal cord.
- Involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Ciliated: circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
Form myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
What are the 3 parts of the Neuron and its function
Body, Axon, Dendrites, and its function is nerve impulse transmission
Contains the Nucleus and organelles
Nerve Cell Body
Cone shaped area that generates nerve impulses (action potential)
Axon Hillock
- Receptive regions of the neuron.
- Receive input from sensory receptors or other neurons.
- Input transmitted toward the axon hillock as graded potentials.
Dendrites
What is the function of the Axon
•Transmit action potentials.
Secrete neurotransmitters when the action potential reaches the bouton
- Protects the axon.
- Electrically insulate fibers
- Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
Myelin Sheath
Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
Na+ trapped outside cell; K+ trapped inside
Resting State
Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open
K+ channels remain closed
Depolarization Phase
•Na+ channels close: Na+ trapped inside cell.
Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open: K+ exits the cell
Repolarization Phase
•Returns Na+ and K+ to resting locations.
3 Na+ out/2 K+ in
Na+/K+ Pump
- Occur when the neuron is unresponsive or less responsive to normal stimuli.
- During these periods, the neuron is either:
- transmitting a nerve impulse
- not completely repolarized
Refractory Periods
What is the Resting Membrane Potential
-70 mV
What is the Membrane Potential during an Action Potential
30 mV
What Phase do Nerve Impulses happen in
Depolarization Phase
What are the 4 Phases in order of Action Potential
- Resting State
- Depolarization
- Repolarization
- Sodium/Potassium Pump
made of calcium salts - hardest substance in the body. Covers crown
Enamel
portion of the tooth embedded in bone
Root
Where do Permanent Teeth Develop
Underneath the Baby Teeth
How many teeth are Permanent by 13 years old
28
Whats the age gap for the 3rd molars to erupt
17-25 years old
How many permanent teeth do adults have
32
Produced by the liver; stored in the gall bladder, and transported to the duodenum during lipid digestion
Bile
What are the 6 Digestive Processes
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- absorption
- defecation
exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva
Crown
What is required for Chemical Digestion
- Enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach and pancreas
- HCl produced by the stomach, denatures proteins
- Bile
What is Vomiting called
Emesis
What is Mesenteries
- Double layer of peritoneum
- Secures digestive organs
- Blood and nerve pathway.
Stores visceral fat
What is Peritoneum tissue
- Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
- Visceral: covers external surface of most digestive organs.
- Parietal: lines the cavity.
Lubricates and ↓friction as organs move
- Nonpathogenic.
- Colonize large intestine.
- Involved in vitamin B and K synthesis.
Fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates
Bacterial Flora
What are the Ducts that Transport Bile
- Hepatic duct
- Cystic duct
- Bile duct
- Hepatopancreatic sphincter
What are the 4 functions of the liver
- Produce bile
- Store glucose as glycogen
- Produce plasma proteins
- Detoxification (NH3 → urea)
what are the 4 types of Lymphatic Vessels
- Lymphatic capillaries *
- Collecting vessels
- Trunks
- Ducts *
What are the Functions of the Lymph Nodes
•Filtration: cleans the lymph by destroying antigens and debris.
Activate lymphocytes: immune response initiated
•Phagocytosis.
Help activate T cells
Macrophages
What are the Primary Lymphatic Structures
Red bone marrow
Thymus
What are the Secondary Lymphatic structures
Ø Lymph nodes
ØSpleen
ØTonsils
Ø MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
What are the 2 Lymphocytes cells
T cells and B cells
–Manage the immune response
–Attack & destroy foreign or
infected cells
T cells
–Produce plasma cells, which
secrete antibodies
B cells
What is the function of the Antibodies
Antibodies Immobilize antigens
What is the largest lymphatic organ
The Spleen
What Salivary Gland is located under the tongue and produces 5% of the saliva
Sublingual
What Salivary Gland is in front of the ear and produces 25% of the saliva
Parotid
What Salivary Gland is located unbder the mandible and produces 70% of the Saliva
Submandibular
muscle contraction that causes forward movement of the bolus of food
Peristalsis
What is food called when it mixes with gastric juices
Chyme
controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
produce gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and pepsin).
Gastric glands
openings in mucosa; lead to gastric glands
Gastric pits
–Between the right and left lobes of the liver.
Connects the liver to the diaphragm and abdominal wall
Falciform ligament
what are the 3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
What is the function of the small intestine
chemical digestion and absorption
what are the 2 spincter muscles in the Esophagus
superior esophageal and inferior esophageal
drains the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Right lymphatic duct
What are the 3 Salivary Gland Pairs
- Parotid
- Sublingual
- Submandibular
drains the rest of the body
Thoracic duct
- Only lymphatic organ that doesn’t fight antigens.
- Secretes the hormones thymosin & thymopoietin (T cell gain immunocompetence).
Thymus
Found in the respiratory and digestive tracts – protects against antigens by housing lymphocytes and macrophages
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
“Pick up” fluid lost from capillaries, filters it (lymph nodes), and returns it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
exerted by blood on the inside wall of the vessel; force pushing
hydrostatic pressure
exerted by plasma proteins (albumin); pulls fluid into the vessel
Osmotic pressure
What are the 4 Tonsils
- Palatine tonsils: posterior oral cavity.
- Lingual tonsils: posterior tongue.
- Pharyngeal tonsils: posterior nasopharynx.
Tubal tonsils – surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
•Epithelial tissue overlying lymphatic tissue invaginates forming crypts.
Lymphocytes and macrophages wait in the crypts to destroy pathogens
Tonsils
Lymph is returned to the blood stream by what
2 lymphatic ducts The Right Lymphatic duct and the Thoracic duct
What are the 3 Neurons and their functions
- sensory neurons: toward the CNS
- motor neurons: away from the CNS
- interneurons: within the CNS
neurons are myelinated so the nerve impulses travel very rapidly
White Matter
neurons are unmyelinated so nerve impulse transmission is slower; time for processing
Gray Matter
What are the 3 horns in the Spinal cord
Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral Horns
What neurons do the Dorsal Horns house
Interneurons
what Neurons do the Ventral horns house
interneurons and somatic motor neurons
what does the Lateral Horn house
contain sympathetic nerve fibers
What are the 5 spinal Nerve sections
Trigeminal Nerve- Head
Cervical segments- Neck, shoulders and Lateral part of the arms
Thoracic segments- medial section of the forearms and thoracic area
Lumbar segments- pelvic, groin, calfs and front of the thighs.
Sacral Segments- lateral region of the feet and pubic area
a bundle of neurons; typically a mixture of sensory and motor neurons; rarely only sensory neurons
Nerve
What are the functions of the spleen
Lymphocytes, Macrophages that clean blood, and storage site for platelets monocytes and Fe++. Fetal RBC production
