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General Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System

A

The Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What is the Peripheal Nervous System

A
  • Spinal and cranial nerves.
  • Transmits info to and from the brain and spinal cord.
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3
Q

transmits impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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4
Q

transmits impulses from the CNS to the effectors (organs, glands and muscles).

A

Motor (efferent) Division

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5
Q

conscious, voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

unconscious, involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; 2 antagonist divisions

A

Autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

an unlearned, involuntary, rapid, predictable response to a stimulus

A

Reflex

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8
Q

what are the 5 Sensory receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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9
Q

What receptor deals with touch, pressure, stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

what Receptors deal with Temperature change

A

Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

What Receptors deal with Light

A

Photoreceptors

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12
Q

whats Receptors deal with chemicals in solution (smell & taste) or changes in the chemical make-up of the blood or other body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

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13
Q

what receptors deal with pain simuli

A

Nociceptors

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14
Q

what root deals with only sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root

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15
Q

what root deals with only motor neurons

A

Ventral Root

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16
Q

collection of nerve roots at the end of the vertebral canal

A

Cauda equina

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17
Q

how many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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18
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic Division?

A
  • “Feed or Breed” “Rest and Digest”
  • Keeps energy use low.
  • Controls digestion, defecation, diuresis & some reproductive activities.
  • Ex. relaxing after a meal:
  • BP, HR and RR are low
  • Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
  • Skin is warm; pupils are constricted
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19
Q

what is the role of the Sympathetic Division

A
  • “Fight or Flight”
  • Controls exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
  • Ex. a person who is threatened:
  • HR, BP, RR increase; airways & pupils dilate.
  • Blood routed away from the skin and the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
  • ↑blood flow to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
  • Skin is cold and sweaty.
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20
Q

What is the Sequence of the Reflex Arc

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Interneuron
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
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21
Q

electrically excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses

A

Neurons

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22
Q

cells that surround neurons and promote their proper functioning

A

Neuroglia

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23
Q

what are the 5 Neuroglia cells

A
  1. Astrocytes (CNS)
  2. Microglia (CNS)
  3. Ependymal cells (CNS)
  4. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  5. Schwann cells (PNS)
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24
Q

Connect neurons and capillaries

A

Astrocytes

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25
Q

•Phagocytosis.

Substitute for immune cells which are prevented from entering CNS

A

Microglia

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26
Q
  • Line the cavities of brain and spinal cord.
  • Involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.

Ciliated: circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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27
Q

Form myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

form myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Neuron and its function

A

Body, Axon, Dendrites, and its function is nerve impulse transmission

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30
Q

Contains the Nucleus and organelles

A

Nerve Cell Body

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31
Q

Cone shaped area that generates nerve impulses (action potential)

A

Axon Hillock

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32
Q
  • Receptive regions of the neuron.
  • Receive input from sensory receptors or other neurons.
  • Input transmitted toward the axon hillock as graded potentials.
A

Dendrites

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33
Q

What is the function of the Axon

A

•Transmit action potentials.

Secrete neurotransmitters when the action potential reaches the bouton

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34
Q
  1. Protects the axon.
  2. Electrically insulate fibers
  3. Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
A

Myelin Sheath

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35
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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36
Q

Na+ trapped outside cell; K+ trapped inside

A

Resting State

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37
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open

K+ channels remain closed

A

Depolarization Phase

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38
Q

•Na+ channels close: Na+ trapped inside cell.

Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open: K+ exits the cell

A

Repolarization Phase

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39
Q

•Returns Na+ and K+ to resting locations.

3 Na+ out/2 K+ in

A

Na+/K+ Pump

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40
Q
  • Occur when the neuron is unresponsive or less responsive to normal stimuli.
  • During these periods, the neuron is either:
  1. transmitting a nerve impulse
  2. not completely repolarized
A

Refractory Periods

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41
Q

What is the Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70 mV

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42
Q

What is the Membrane Potential during an Action Potential

A

30 mV

43
Q

What Phase do Nerve Impulses happen in

A

Depolarization Phase

44
Q

What are the 4 Phases in order of Action Potential

A
  1. Resting State
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Sodium/Potassium Pump
45
Q

made of calcium salts - hardest substance in the body. Covers crown

A

Enamel

46
Q

portion of the tooth embedded in bone

A

Root

47
Q

Where do Permanent Teeth Develop

A

Underneath the Baby Teeth

48
Q

How many teeth are Permanent by 13 years old

A

28

49
Q

Whats the age gap for the 3rd molars to erupt

A

17-25 years old

50
Q

How many permanent teeth do adults have

A

32

51
Q

Produced by the liver; stored in the gall bladder, and transported to the duodenum during lipid digestion

A

Bile

52
Q

What are the 6 Digestive Processes

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical digestion
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
53
Q

exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva

A

Crown

54
Q

What is required for Chemical Digestion

A
  1. Enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach and pancreas
  2. HCl produced by the stomach, denatures proteins
  3. Bile
55
Q

What is Vomiting called

A

Emesis

56
Q

What is Mesenteries

A
  • Double layer of peritoneum
  • Secures digestive organs
  • Blood and nerve pathway.

Stores visceral fat

57
Q

What is Peritoneum tissue

A
  • Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
  • Visceral: covers external surface of most digestive organs.
  • Parietal: lines the cavity.

Lubricates and ↓friction as organs move

58
Q
  • Nonpathogenic.
  • Colonize large intestine.
  • Involved in vitamin B and K synthesis.

Fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates

A

Bacterial Flora

59
Q

What are the Ducts that Transport Bile

A
  1. Hepatic duct
  2. Cystic duct
  3. Bile duct
  4. Hepatopancreatic sphincter
60
Q

What are the 4 functions of the liver

A
  1. Produce bile
  2. Store glucose as glycogen
  3. Produce plasma proteins
  4. Detoxification (NH3 → urea)
61
Q

what are the 4 types of Lymphatic Vessels

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries *
  2. Collecting vessels
  3. Trunks
  4. Ducts *
62
Q

What are the Functions of the Lymph Nodes

A

•Filtration: cleans the lymph by destroying antigens and debris.

Activate lymphocytes: immune response initiated

63
Q

•Phagocytosis.

Help activate T cells

A

Macrophages

64
Q

What are the Primary Lymphatic Structures

A

Red bone marrow

Thymus

65
Q

What are the Secondary Lymphatic structures

A

Ø Lymph nodes

ØSpleen

ØTonsils

Ø MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

66
Q

What are the 2 Lymphocytes cells

A

T cells and B cells

67
Q

–Manage the immune response

–Attack & destroy foreign or

infected cells

A

T cells

68
Q

–Produce plasma cells, which

secrete antibodies

A

B cells

69
Q

What is the function of the Antibodies

A

Antibodies Immobilize antigens

70
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ

A

The Spleen

71
Q

What Salivary Gland is located under the tongue and produces 5% of the saliva

A

Sublingual

72
Q

What Salivary Gland is in front of the ear and produces 25% of the saliva

A

Parotid

73
Q

What Salivary Gland is located unbder the mandible and produces 70% of the Saliva

A

Submandibular

74
Q

muscle contraction that causes forward movement of the bolus of food

A

Peristalsis

75
Q

What is food called when it mixes with gastric juices

A

Chyme

76
Q

controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

77
Q

produce gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and pepsin).

A

Gastric glands

78
Q

openings in mucosa; lead to gastric glands

A

Gastric pits

79
Q

–Between the right and left lobes of the liver.

Connects the liver to the diaphragm and abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

80
Q

what are the 3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

81
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

chemical digestion and absorption

82
Q

what are the 2 spincter muscles in the Esophagus

A

superior esophageal and inferior esophageal

83
Q

drains the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax

A

Right lymphatic duct

84
Q

What are the 3 Salivary Gland Pairs

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Sublingual
  3. Submandibular
85
Q

drains the rest of the body

A

Thoracic duct

86
Q
  • Only lymphatic organ that doesn’t fight antigens.
  • Secretes the hormones thymosin & thymopoietin (T cell gain immunocompetence).
A

Thymus

87
Q

Found in the respiratory and digestive tracts – protects against antigens by housing lymphocytes and macrophages

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

88
Q

“Pick up” fluid lost from capillaries, filters it (lymph nodes), and returns it to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic Vessels

89
Q

exerted by blood on the inside wall of the vessel; force pushing

A

hydrostatic pressure

90
Q

exerted by plasma proteins (albumin); pulls fluid into the vessel

A

Osmotic pressure

91
Q

What are the 4 Tonsils

A
  • Palatine tonsils: posterior oral cavity.
  • Lingual tonsils: posterior tongue.
  • Pharyngeal tonsils: posterior nasopharynx.

Tubal tonsils – surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

92
Q

•Epithelial tissue overlying lymphatic tissue invaginates forming crypts.

Lymphocytes and macrophages wait in the crypts to destroy pathogens

A

Tonsils

93
Q

Lymph is returned to the blood stream by what

A

2 lymphatic ducts The Right Lymphatic duct and the Thoracic duct

94
Q

What are the 3 Neurons and their functions

A
  • sensory neurons: toward the CNS
  • motor neurons: away from the CNS
  • interneurons: within the CNS
95
Q

neurons are myelinated so the nerve impulses travel very rapidly

A

White Matter

96
Q

neurons are unmyelinated so nerve impulse transmission is slower; time for processing

A

Gray Matter

97
Q

What are the 3 horns in the Spinal cord

A

Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral Horns

98
Q

What neurons do the Dorsal Horns house

A

Interneurons

99
Q

what Neurons do the Ventral horns house

A

interneurons and somatic motor neurons

100
Q

what does the Lateral Horn house

A

contain sympathetic nerve fibers

101
Q

What are the 5 spinal Nerve sections

A

Trigeminal Nerve- Head

Cervical segments- Neck, shoulders and Lateral part of the arms

Thoracic segments- medial section of the forearms and thoracic area

Lumbar segments- pelvic, groin, calfs and front of the thighs.

Sacral Segments- lateral region of the feet and pubic area

102
Q

a bundle of neurons; typically a mixture of sensory and motor neurons; rarely only sensory neurons

A

Nerve

103
Q

What are the functions of the spleen

A

Lymphocytes, Macrophages that clean blood, and storage site for platelets monocytes and Fe++. Fetal RBC production

General Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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