Cytology Flashcards
Function: ATP production via aerobic respiration. (Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain occur in the ________
Mitochondria
Function: Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
Function: modifies, folds and packages proteins produced by attached ribosomes. These proteins are exported or become part of plasma membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: receives proteins from RER then sorts, modifies, repackaged and exports them. Produces digestive enzymes used in the Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Functions: lipid production and breakdown ( cholesterol and other steroids are produced here). Detoxification of Drugs and Poisons. Production of glycogen
Smooth Endo Plasmic Reticulum
Function: destroy pathogens and damaged organelles
Lysosomes
Function: use O2 to neutralize toxins and free radicals
Peroxisomes
Functions: organize Mitotic spindle form cilia and flagella
Centrioles
Function: breakdown proteins that are damaged incorrectly folded or no longer needed “ Quality assurance”
Proteasomes
Small molecules move through the plasma membrane : it requires a gradient.
Simple Diffusion
Compounds “exit” the cell wrapped in a vesicle that fuses to the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
Compounds move against a gradient and use a carrier moelcule: ex the sodium/potassium pump
Solute Pumping
Compounds “enter” the cell in a vesicle
Endocytosis
The movement of water and solutes down a hydrostatic pressure gradient: occurs in the kidneys and blood capillaries
Filtration
used when a cell needs a specific compound such as cholesterol
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
The passive movement of water (but not solutes) through a semi-permeable membrane (ex. the plasma membrane)
Osmosis
“Cell Drinking” (most cells)
Pinocytosis
“Cell eating” (macrophages)
Phagocytosis
Assembles Ribosomes
Nucleoli
Like Plasma Membrane except it has pores to allow RNA and Proteins to easily pass in/out of it
Nuclear membrane
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. it consists of protein, RNA, and DNA
Chromatin
Three main components of the Plasma Membrane
- Phospholipids
- Proteins
- Cholesterol
DNA + Histones. DNA is tightly wrapped around histones and supercoiled. In this form during Mitosis: helps protect the DNA
Chromosome
Identical strands of DNA connected by a centromere
Sister Chromatids
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Gene
The 3 regions of the cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm and organelles
- Nucleus
Complete set of Instructions for producing all the proteins the body needs
Genetic code
what does DNA stand for and what is it composed of
Deoxyribonucleic acid, and its composed of nucleotides
what are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide
- Phosphate
- Sugar
- Base ( Adenin (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
When does DNA Replication happen
Occurs during the S phase of interphase in the nucleus, and must occur before cell division.
What Replication process will have each new double helix contain one strand of the original
Semiconservative Replication
what are the 3 enzymes involved in DNA Replication
- Helicase
- DNA Polymerase
- DNA ligase
What direction are new DNA strands made towards
5’ to 3’ direction
What is the strand that will be produced continuously and be completed first
The Leading Strand
What strand will be produced in pieces called Okazaki fragments
Lagging Strand
what are the Okazaki fragments linked together with
DNA ligase
What are the 4 Life stages of a Cell in order
- G1
- S (synthesis)
- G2
- M (Mitosis)
what are the the 4 stages of Mitosis called in order
- Prophase (Early and Late)
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Chromatin supercoils to form chromosomes.
- Identical chromosomes connected by centromere = sister chromatids (dyad).
- Replicated centrioles begin to move to opposite poles of the cells; connected by microtubules = mitotic spindle.
Early Prophase
- Nuclear membrane breaks down.
- Centrioles at opposite poles and anchored to plasma membrane. Mitotic spindle fully formed.
- Kinetochore microtubules attach to the centromere (kinetochore). Secure the chromosomes.
Late Prophase
•Kinetochore microtubules have pulled the chromosomes so that they are aligned along the equator of the cell = metaphase plate.
Metaphase
- Kinetochore microtubules recoil.
- Centromeres split; identical sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
- The cell elongates.
Anaphase
- Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles.
- Chromosomes uncoil = chromatin.
- Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes..
Mitotic spindle breaks down
Telophase
- Division of the cytoplasm & its contents.
- Overlaps late anaphase and telophase.
- Cleavage furrow develops at equator and continues to pinch cell in ½.
Cytokinesis
–Both cytosol and solution have same relative concentration of solutes
–E.g., normal saline with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl
–No net movement of water
Isotonic solution
–Solution has a lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than cell
–Water moves down concentration gradient from outside cell to inside
–Increases volume and pressure of cell
Hypotonic Solution
–Solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol
–Water moves down concentration gradient from inside cell to outside
–Cell shrinks in size (crenation)
Hypertonic Solution
“squashed”; flat thin cells. Simple or stratified
Squamous
“cube”; width ≈ height. Simple or stratified
Cuboidal
“column”; tall, thin cells. Simple or stratified. May have cilia and/or goblet cells
Columnar
mixture of squamous, cuboidal, & columnar cells. Stratified only. Stretch - urinary system
Transitional
single layer of cells – different height. Simple only. Usually columnar. May have cilia and/or goblet cells
Pseudostratified
