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General Anatomy And Physiology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Function: ATP production via aerobic respiration. (Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain occur in the ________

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Function: Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

Function: modifies, folds and packages proteins produced by attached ribosomes. These proteins are exported or become part of plasma membrane

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

Function: receives proteins from RER then sorts, modifies, repackaged and exports them. Produces digestive enzymes used in the Lysosomes

A

Golgi Apparatus

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5
Q

Functions: lipid production and breakdown ( cholesterol and other steroids are produced here). Detoxification of Drugs and Poisons. Production of glycogen

A

Smooth Endo Plasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

Function: destroy pathogens and damaged organelles

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

Function: use O2 to neutralize toxins and free radicals

A

Peroxisomes

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8
Q

Functions: organize Mitotic spindle form cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

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9
Q

Function: breakdown proteins that are damaged incorrectly folded or no longer needed “ Quality assurance”

A

Proteasomes

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10
Q

Small molecules move through the plasma membrane : it requires a gradient.

A

Simple Diffusion

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11
Q

Compounds “exit” the cell wrapped in a vesicle that fuses to the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

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12
Q

Compounds move against a gradient and use a carrier moelcule: ex the sodium/potassium pump

A

Solute Pumping

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13
Q

Compounds “enter” the cell in a vesicle

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

The movement of water and solutes down a hydrostatic pressure gradient: occurs in the kidneys and blood capillaries

A

Filtration

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15
Q

used when a cell needs a specific compound such as cholesterol

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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16
Q

The passive movement of water (but not solutes) through a semi-permeable membrane (ex. the plasma membrane)

A

Osmosis

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17
Q

“Cell Drinking” (most cells)

A

Pinocytosis

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18
Q

“Cell eating” (macrophages)

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

Assembles Ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

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20
Q

Like Plasma Membrane except it has pores to allow RNA and Proteins to easily pass in/out of it

A

Nuclear membrane

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21
Q

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. it consists of protein, RNA, and DNA

A

Chromatin

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22
Q

Three main components of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Proteins
  3. Cholesterol
23
Q

DNA + Histones. DNA is tightly wrapped around histones and supercoiled. In this form during Mitosis: helps protect the DNA

A

Chromosome

24
Q

Identical strands of DNA connected by a centromere

A

Sister Chromatids

25
Q

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

A

Gene

26
Q

The 3 regions of the cell

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm and organelles
  3. Nucleus
27
Q

Complete set of Instructions for producing all the proteins the body needs

A

Genetic code

28
Q

what does DNA stand for and what is it composed of

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, and its composed of nucleotides

29
Q

what are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide

A
  1. Phosphate
  2. Sugar
  3. Base ( Adenin (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
30
Q

When does DNA Replication happen

A

Occurs during the S phase of interphase in the nucleus, and must occur before cell division.

31
Q

What Replication process will have each new double helix contain one strand of the original

A

Semiconservative Replication

32
Q

what are the 3 enzymes involved in DNA Replication

A
  1. Helicase
  2. DNA Polymerase
  3. DNA ligase
33
Q

What direction are new DNA strands made towards

A

5’ to 3’ direction

34
Q

What is the strand that will be produced continuously and be completed first

A

The Leading Strand

35
Q

What strand will be produced in pieces called Okazaki fragments

A

Lagging Strand

36
Q

what are the Okazaki fragments linked together with

A

DNA ligase

37
Q

What are the 4 Life stages of a Cell in order

A
  1. G1
  2. S (synthesis)
  3. G2
  4. M (Mitosis)
38
Q

what are the the 4 stages of Mitosis called in order

A
  1. Prophase (Early and Late)
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
39
Q
  • Chromatin supercoils to form chromosomes.
  • Identical chromosomes connected by centromere = sister chromatids (dyad).
  • Replicated centrioles begin to move to opposite poles of the cells; connected by microtubules = mitotic spindle.
A

Early Prophase

40
Q
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down.
  • Centrioles at opposite poles and anchored to plasma membrane. Mitotic spindle fully formed.
  • Kinetochore microtubules attach to the centromere (kinetochore). Secure the chromosomes.
A

Late Prophase

41
Q

•Kinetochore microtubules have pulled the chromosomes so that they are aligned along the equator of the cell = metaphase plate.

A

Metaphase

42
Q
  • Kinetochore microtubules recoil.
  • Centromeres split; identical sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
  • The cell elongates.
A

Anaphase

43
Q
  • Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles.
  • Chromosomes uncoil = chromatin.
  • Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes..

Mitotic spindle breaks down

A

Telophase

44
Q
  • Division of the cytoplasm & its contents.
  • Overlaps late anaphase and telophase.
  • Cleavage furrow develops at equator and continues to pinch cell in ½.
A

Cytokinesis

45
Q

–Both cytosol and solution have same relative concentration of solutes

–E.g., normal saline with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl

–No net movement of water

A

Isotonic solution

46
Q

–Solution has a lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than cell

–Water moves down concentration gradient from outside cell to inside

–Increases volume and pressure of cell

A

Hypotonic Solution

47
Q

–Solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol

–Water moves down concentration gradient from inside cell to outside

–Cell shrinks in size (crenation)

A

Hypertonic Solution

48
Q

“squashed”; flat thin cells. Simple or stratified

A

Squamous

49
Q

“cube”; width ≈ height. Simple or stratified

A

Cuboidal

50
Q

“column”; tall, thin cells. Simple or stratified. May have cilia and/or goblet cells

A

Columnar

51
Q

mixture of squamous, cuboidal, & columnar cells. Stratified only. Stretch - urinary system

A

Transitional

52
Q

single layer of cells – different height. Simple only. Usually columnar. May have cilia and/or goblet cells

A

Pseudostratified

53
Q
A

General Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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