Cytology

Question 1

Function: ATP production via aerobic respiration. (Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain occur in the ________

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

Function: Protein Synthesis

Answer 2

Ribosomes

Question 3

Function: modifies, folds and packages proteins produced by attached ribosomes. These proteins are exported or become part of plasma membrane

Answer 3

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 4

Function: receives proteins from RER then sorts, modifies, repackaged and exports them. Produces digestive enzymes used in the Lysosomes

Answer 4

Golgi Apparatus

Question 5

Functions: lipid production and breakdown ( cholesterol and other steroids are produced here). Detoxification of Drugs and Poisons. Production of glycogen

Answer 5

Smooth Endo Plasmic Reticulum

Question 6

Function: destroy pathogens and damaged organelles

Answer 6

Lysosomes

Question 7

Function: use O2 to neutralize toxins and free radicals

Answer 7

Peroxisomes

Question 8

Functions: organize Mitotic spindle form cilia and flagella

Answer 8

Centrioles

Question 9

Function: breakdown proteins that are damaged incorrectly folded or no longer needed “ Quality assurance”

Answer 9

Proteasomes

Question 10

Small molecules move through the plasma membrane : it requires a gradient.

Answer 10

Simple Diffusion

Question 11

Compounds “exit” the cell wrapped in a vesicle that fuses to the plasma membrane

Answer 11

Exocytosis

Question 12

Compounds move against a gradient and use a carrier moelcule: ex the sodium/potassium pump

Answer 12

Solute Pumping

Question 13

Compounds “enter” the cell in a vesicle

Answer 13

Endocytosis

Question 14

The movement of water and solutes down a hydrostatic pressure gradient: occurs in the kidneys and blood capillaries

Answer 14

Filtration

Question 15

used when a cell needs a specific compound such as cholesterol

Answer 15

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Question 16

The passive movement of water (but not solutes) through a semi-permeable membrane (ex. the plasma membrane)

Answer 16

Osmosis

Question 17

“Cell Drinking” (most cells)

Answer 17

Pinocytosis

Question 18

“Cell eating” (macrophages)

Answer 18

Phagocytosis

Question 19

Assembles Ribosomes

Answer 19

Nucleoli

Question 20

Like Plasma Membrane except it has pores to allow RNA and Proteins to easily pass in/out of it

Answer 20

Nuclear membrane

Question 21

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. it consists of protein, RNA, and DNA

Answer 21

Chromatin

Question 22

Three main components of the Plasma Membrane

Answer 22

1. Phospholipids
2. Proteins
3. Cholesterol

Question 23

DNA + Histones. DNA is tightly wrapped around histones and supercoiled. In this form during Mitosis: helps protect the DNA

Answer 23

Chromosome

Question 24

Identical strands of DNA connected by a centromere

Answer 24

Sister Chromatids

Question 25

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Answer 25

Gene

Question 26

The 3 regions of the cell

Answer 26

1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm and organelles 3. Nucleus

Question 27

Complete set of Instructions for producing all the proteins the body needs

Answer 27

Genetic code

Question 28

what does DNA stand for and what is it composed of

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid, and its composed of nucleotides

Question 29

what are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide

Answer 29

1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base ( Adenin (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Question 30

When does DNA Replication happen

Answer 30

Occurs during the S phase of interphase in the nucleus, and must occur before cell division.

Question 31

What Replication process will have each new double helix contain one strand of the original

Answer 31

Semiconservative Replication

Question 32

what are the 3 enzymes involved in DNA Replication

Answer 32

1. Helicase 2. DNA Polymerase 3. DNA ligase

Question 33

What direction are new DNA strands made towards

Answer 33

5' to 3' direction

Question 34

What is the strand that will be produced continuously and be completed first

Answer 34

The Leading Strand

Question 35

What strand will be produced in pieces called Okazaki fragments

Answer 35

Lagging Strand

Question 36

what are the Okazaki fragments linked together with

Answer 36

DNA ligase

Question 37

What are the 4 Life stages of a Cell in order

Answer 37

1. G1 2. S (synthesis) 3. G2 4. M (Mitosis)

Question 38

what are the the 4 stages of Mitosis called in order

Answer 38

1. Prophase (Early and Late) 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 39

* Chromatin supercoils to form chromosomes. * Identical chromosomes connected by centromere = sister chromatids (dyad). * Replicated centrioles begin to move to opposite poles of the cells; connected by microtubules = mitotic spindle.

Answer 39

Early Prophase

Question 40

* Nuclear membrane breaks down. * Centrioles at opposite poles and anchored to plasma membrane. Mitotic spindle fully formed. * Kinetochore microtubules attach to the centromere (kinetochore). Secure the chromosomes.

Answer 40

Late Prophase

Question 41

•Kinetochore microtubules have pulled the chromosomes so that they are aligned along the equator of the cell = metaphase plate.

Answer 41

Metaphase

Question 42

* Kinetochore microtubules recoil. * Centromeres split; identical sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles. * The cell elongates.

Answer 42

Anaphase

Question 43

* Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles. * Chromosomes uncoil = chromatin. * Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.. Mitotic spindle breaks down

Answer 43

Telophase

Question 44

* Division of the cytoplasm & its contents. * Overlaps late anaphase and telophase. * Cleavage furrow develops at equator and continues to pinch cell in ½.

Answer 44

Cytokinesis

Question 45

–Both cytosol and solution have same relative concentration of solutes –E.g., normal saline with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl –No net movement of water

Answer 45

Isotonic solution

Question 46

–Solution has a lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than cell –Water moves down concentration gradient from outside cell to inside –Increases volume and pressure of cell

Answer 46

Hypotonic Solution

Question 47

–Solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol –Water moves down concentration gradient from inside cell to outside –Cell shrinks in size (crenation)

Answer 47

Hypertonic Solution

Question 48

“squashed”; flat thin cells. Simple or stratified

Answer 48

Squamous

Question 49

“cube”; width ≈ height. Simple or stratified

Answer 49

Cuboidal

Question 50

“column”; tall, thin cells. Simple or stratified. May have cilia and/or goblet cells

Answer 50

Columnar

Question 51

mixture of squamous, cuboidal, & columnar cells. Stratified only. Stretch - urinary system

Answer 51

Transitional

Question 52

single layer of cells – different height. Simple only. Usually columnar. May have cilia and/or goblet cells

Answer 52

Pseudostratified