Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
What Muscle Tissue is described - Movement, Voluntary, Striated, Fatigues rapidly
Skeletal Muscle
What muscle Tissue is described - Heart, Involuntary, Striated, Fatigue Resistant.
Cardiac Muscle
What Muscle Tissue is descirbed - Walls of hollow organs, Involuntary, not striated, fatigue resistant
Smooth Muscle
What are the 4 functions of Skeletal Muscles
- Produce movement.
- Maintain posture.
- Stabilize and strengthen joints.
- Generate heat
How much body mass is Skeletal Muscle
40%
What is a byproduct of ATP production
Heat
What are the 4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
Excitability
the ability to shorten forcibly
Contractility
the ability to be stretched
Extensibility
the ability to recoil and resume the original resting length
Elasticity
What are the 4 Connective Tissue Wrappings
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Deep Fascia
What Surrounds each muscle fiber
Endomysium
fibrous C.T. that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers = fascicle
Perimysium
surrounds the entire muscle
Epimysium
binds several muscles into a functional group
Deep Fascia
What are the 2 types of Indirect Muscle Attachment
- Tendons
- Aponeurosis
Dense Irregular C.T. “Sheet”
Aponeurosis
Dense regular C.T. “rope”, “strap”
Tendons
muscle attachment to immovable or less movable bone
Origin
muscle attachment to movable bone
Insertion
the muscle that bears the major responsibility for a particular movement. Ex: pectoralis major muscle is the prime mover of arm flexion
Agonist (Prime mover)
muscles that oppose a particular movement. Ex: the latissimus dorsi causes arm extension, so it is the antagonist of the pectoralis major
Antagonist
helps the prime mover
Synergist
Nuclei located just inside sarcolemma
Multinucleated
Contractile units made of actin and myosin that start at one z disc and end at the next z disc
Sarcomere
stores calcium ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
a polymer of glucose stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogen
a red pigment that stores oxygen in the skeletal muscle cell
myoglobin
organelles made of repeating units called sarcomeres
myofibrils
myosin heads pull the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
power stroke
ATP binds to the myosin head causing it to let go of the actin
cross bridge detachment
myosin heads attach to exposed binding site on the actin
cross bridge attachment
the energy from the Atp molecule is used to reposition the myosin head
re-cocking of the myosin head
exposes the hidden binding sites on the actin myofilament
calcium ions
a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls
motor end plate
the space between the nerve ending and the motor end plate
synaptic cleft
how we increase the strength of muscle contractions
recruitment of motor units
the neurotrasnsmitter at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
folded, indented part of the sarcolemna
motor end plate
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers
- Red
- Pink
- White
What determines which type of muscle fibers will predominate
Genetics
What are the 5 Major Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal
What is the only function of the Endocrine Glands
Their only function is to produce hormones
What are the 2 Families of Hormones
- Amino acid based hormones
- Steroid hormones
hydrophobic – can cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are inside the cell. When the hormone binds to its receptor genes are activated and proteins are produced
Steroid hormones
hydrophilic – cannot cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are on the plasma membranes. Uses a second-messenger system
Amino acid based hormones
What are the 2 ways hormones are removed
- Broken down by enzymes.
- Excreted by the kidneys.
What is required for TH production
Iodine
What are the 2 forms of TH
- T4 (4 iodine atoms)
- T3 (3 iodine atoms)
What is the most active form of TH
TH3
What TH is predominately released
T4
What 2 Hormones are produced in the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): water retention.
- Oxytocin: uterine contractions, lactation, social bonding.
What 6 Hormones are produced in the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
What 2 Glands make up the Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
- Adrenal medulla: part of the sympathetic NS. Produces the catecholamines.
- Adrenal cortex: endocrine tissue. Produces the corticosteroids.
What are the 3 Families of Corticosteroids
- Mineralocorticoids: Ex. Aldosterone: ↑Na+ retention by kidneys.
- Glucocorticoids: Ex. Cortisol: increases nutrient levels in the blood; stress response.
- Gonadocorticoids: Ex. Testosterone and estrogen: exact role not completely understood.
What does the Pineal Gland produce
Melatonin
What do Alpha Cells in the Pancreas produce
Glucagon
What is the Largest Endocrine gland
Throid Gland
What do Beta Cells in the Pancreas produce
Insulin
What are the 2 classifications of muscle fibers
- Speed of Contraction
- Metabolic Pathways
What is it called when the muscle is able to generate enough tension to move the load. Muscle length changes
Isotonic Contraction
What is it called when the muscle generates peak tension, but still cannot move the load. Muscle length does not change
Isometric contraction
- Occurs when muscle receives stimuli in rapid succession.
- Muscle doesn’t relax between stimuli.
- Each successive stimulus causes a stronger contraction (wave summation).
- Due to ↑intracellular Ca++.
Tetanus
What are the 2 parts of ATP
Adenosine and 3 Phosphates
What do Oxidative Fibers rely primarily on for ATP
Aerobic Respiration
What do Glycolytic fibers primarily rely on for ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
What are the 2 filaments in Myofibrils
Thick Filaments and Thin Filaments
What do Thick Filaments contain
- Composed mostly of the protein myosin
- Consist of two heads and two tails wrapped around each other
- Heads have binding sites for actin and ATP
What do Think filaments contain
- Contain protein actin, which is binding site for myosin heads
- Binding sites blocked by tropomyosin
in Skeletal muscle cells energy from ATP is used for what?
- Cross-bridge detachment & recocking of the myosin head.
- Ca++ pump
What is Acetylcholine destroyed by?
Acetylcholinesterase
What produces the Alpha and Beta cells in the Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Where do the Adrenal Glands sit?
They sit on top of the kidneys
What do the Gonadotropins do and what are the 2 horomones associated with them
they regulate the function of the ovaries and testes.
FSH and LH
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
Right under the Larynx and Trachea
How many lobes are part of the Pituatary gland and what are they
2
The Anterior Lobe and the Posterior Lobe
shut off synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones
Inhibiting hormones
controls the thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads
Anterior Pituatary hormones
stimulate synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones
Releasing hormones
Where is the Pituitary Gland located
Located below the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.
What is the Pituitary Gland connected to the Hypothalamus by
infundibulum
Where is the Parathyroid Gland located
Posterior Thyroid
How many Glands of Parathyroid hormone do you usually have
4 but varies up to 8
Where is the Pineal Gland located
Located in the Brain
What does melatonin regulate
Sleep/wake cycle
