Chapter 3 Flashcards
How many layers does the skin have and what are they
- Epidermis (superficial)
- Dermis (Deep)
What is the Primary cell type of Epidermis
Keratinocyte
Deepest: single layer of adult stem cells that under go rapid mitosis
Stratum Basale
What are the 4 cell types found in the Epidermis
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhans (Dendritic) cells
- Melanocytes
- Merkel (Tactile) cells
What is the Function of the Keratinocytes
Produce Keratin
What is the Function of Langerhan cells
Fight Infection
What is the Function of the Melanocytes
Produce and secrete melanin and protects against UV light
What is the function of the Merkel Cells
Sensory Receptor
What are the 6 Functions of the Skin
- Protection: must be intact.
- Sensation: receptors for touch.
- Body temperature regulation: dermal blood vessels dilate + constrict in response to environmental temperature.
- Metabolism: cholesterol + sunlight → precursor to Vitamin D.
- Excretion: H2O, NaCl, N2 wastes.
- Immune Function: Langerhans cells begin the immune response
What are the 3 steps of Tissue Repair in order
- Inflammation
- Organization
- Regeneration and Fibrosis
What are the 2 types of Exocrine Glands of the Skin
- Sudoriferous (Sweat)
- Sebaceous (Oil)
What part of hair and nails undergo Mitosis
The Matrix
What is the most important hydroxyapitites in the bones
Calcium Phosphate
What are the Functions of Bones
- Support & Protection: encloses the brain, spinal cord & viscera.
- Movement: provide levers for muscles.
- Mineral storage: calcium & phosphorus.
- Blood cell formation: occurs within the red bone marrow.
- Triglyceride storage: within bone cavities.
What are the 2 things bones are based off of for Classification
- Location
- Shape of the Bone
What are the 2 categories of Bone Location
- Axial
- Appendicular
What are the 4 categories for the Shape Classification
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
How are Long bones Classified
The Length of the bone is significantly longer than the width
What is the normal Blood Calcium range should we have in our blood streams
9-11 mg Ca/100 ml blood
What Hormone is secreted when the blood calium levels are low
Parathyroid Hormone
what are the functions of the Parathroid Hormone
- Stimulates osteoclast activity
- Causes resporption of bone
What are the major types of bone
Compact bones and Spongy bones
What does the Epiphyseal Line do
Connects the Diaphysis and Epiphyses
what are the 4 types of Bone cells
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts ( Bone Makers )
- Osteoclasts ( Bone chewers )
- Osteocytes
What are Joints called
Articulations
What is the most common joint type
Synovial Joints
What are the 5 components of Synovial Joints
- Articular Cartilage
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Ligaments
- Articular capsule (Synovium and the Ligaments)
Ligaments attach what to what
Bone to Bone
Tendons attach what to what
Muscle to bone
What is Flexion and Extension
Flexion is bending movement and Extension is reverse of flexion
what is Hyperextension
joint extended more than 180 degrees
what is Abduction and Adduction
Abduction is movement away from the midline and Adduction is movement toward the midline
what is Supination and Pronation
- Supination:
- radius & ulna are parallel.
- anatomical position. - Pronation:
- distal end of radius crosses ulna.
- relaxed position.
What is Inversion and Eversion
Inversion is the sole of the foot turned medially
Eversion is the sole of the foot turned laterally
what is Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion is lifting the toes but keeping the heel on the floor and Plantar flexion is lifting the heel but keeping the toes on the floor
What is Opposition
- Touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand.
- Fine motor skill used for grasping and manipulating objects.
- Primates only
What is Wolff’s Law
Bones are thickest where stress is greatest
How old does bone does Formation of Bony Skeleton begin
week 8 of gestation
Formation of the skull bones and clavicles from fibrous connective tissue membranes
Intramembranous ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage : most bone
Endochondral ossification
When is Skull devolpement completed
1 1/2 to 2 years
When does Interstitial Growth occur in Girls and boys
18 years for girls, and 21 years old for boys
Where does interstitial bone growth happen
Occurs at the epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
What is spongy bone made of
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with bone marrow
What is compact bone made of
dense outer layer structural unites = Osteons
