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General Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the skin have and what are they

A
  1. Epidermis (superficial)
  2. Dermis (Deep)
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2
Q

What is the Primary cell type of Epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

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3
Q

Deepest: single layer of adult stem cells that under go rapid mitosis

A

Stratum Basale

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4
Q

What are the 4 cell types found in the Epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Langerhans (Dendritic) cells
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Merkel (Tactile) cells
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5
Q

What is the Function of the Keratinocytes

A

Produce Keratin

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6
Q

What is the Function of Langerhan cells

A

Fight Infection

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7
Q

What is the Function of the Melanocytes

A

Produce and secrete melanin and protects against UV light

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8
Q

What is the function of the Merkel Cells

A

Sensory Receptor

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9
Q

What are the 6 Functions of the Skin

A
  1. Protection: must be intact.
  2. Sensation: receptors for touch.
  3. Body temperature regulation: dermal blood vessels dilate + constrict in response to environmental temperature.
  4. Metabolism: cholesterol + sunlight → precursor to Vitamin D.
  5. Excretion: H2O, NaCl, N2 wastes.
  6. Immune Function: Langerhans cells begin the immune response
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10
Q

What are the 3 steps of Tissue Repair in order

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Organization
  3. Regeneration and Fibrosis
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of Exocrine Glands of the Skin

A
  1. Sudoriferous (Sweat)
  2. Sebaceous (Oil)
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12
Q

What part of hair and nails undergo Mitosis

A

The Matrix

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13
Q

What is the most important hydroxyapitites in the bones

A

Calcium Phosphate

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14
Q

What are the Functions of Bones

A
  1. Support & Protection: encloses the brain, spinal cord & viscera.
  2. Movement: provide levers for muscles.
  3. Mineral storage: calcium & phosphorus.
  4. Blood cell formation: occurs within the red bone marrow.
  5. Triglyceride storage: within bone cavities.
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15
Q

What are the 2 things bones are based off of for Classification

A
  1. Location
  2. Shape of the Bone
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16
Q

What are the 2 categories of Bone Location

A
  1. Axial
  2. Appendicular
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17
Q

What are the 4 categories for the Shape Classification

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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18
Q

How are Long bones Classified

A

The Length of the bone is significantly longer than the width

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19
Q

What is the normal Blood Calcium range should we have in our blood streams

A

9-11 mg Ca/100 ml blood

20
Q

What Hormone is secreted when the blood calium levels are low

A

Parathyroid Hormone

21
Q

what are the functions of the Parathroid Hormone

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclast activity
  2. Causes resporption of bone
22
Q

What are the major types of bone

A

Compact bones and Spongy bones

23
Q

What does the Epiphyseal Line do

A

Connects the Diaphysis and Epiphyses

24
Q

what are the 4 types of Bone cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts ( Bone Makers )
  3. Osteoclasts ( Bone chewers )
  4. Osteocytes
25
Q

What are Joints called

A

Articulations

26
Q

What is the most common joint type

A

Synovial Joints

27
Q

What are the 5 components of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular Cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Ligaments
  5. Articular capsule (Synovium and the Ligaments)
28
Q

Ligaments attach what to what

A

Bone to Bone

29
Q

Tendons attach what to what

A

Muscle to bone

30
Q

What is Flexion and Extension

A

Flexion is bending movement and Extension is reverse of flexion

31
Q

what is Hyperextension

A

joint extended more than 180 degrees

32
Q

what is Abduction and Adduction

A

Abduction is movement away from the midline and Adduction is movement toward the midline

33
Q

what is Supination and Pronation

A
  1. Supination:
    - radius & ulna are parallel.
    - anatomical position.
  2. Pronation:
    - distal end of radius crosses ulna.
    - relaxed position.
34
Q

What is Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion is the sole of the foot turned medially

Eversion is the sole of the foot turned laterally

35
Q

what is Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion

A

Dorsiflexion is lifting the toes but keeping the heel on the floor and Plantar flexion is lifting the heel but keeping the toes on the floor

36
Q

What is Opposition

A
  1. Touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand.
  2. Fine motor skill used for grasping and manipulating objects.
  3. Primates only
37
Q

What is Wolff’s Law

A

Bones are thickest where stress is greatest

38
Q

How old does bone does Formation of Bony Skeleton begin

A

week 8 of gestation

39
Q

Formation of the skull bones and clavicles from fibrous connective tissue membranes

A

Intramembranous ossification

40
Q

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage : most bone

A

Endochondral ossification

41
Q

When is Skull devolpement completed

A

1 1/2 to 2 years

42
Q

When does Interstitial Growth occur in Girls and boys

A

18 years for girls, and 21 years old for boys

43
Q

Where does interstitial bone growth happen

A

Occurs at the epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis

44
Q

What is spongy bone made of

A

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with bone marrow

45
Q

What is compact bone made of

A

dense outer layer structural unites = Osteons

General Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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