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General Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture 4 exam > Flashcards

Lecture 4 exam Flashcards

1
Q

AV valves do what during Ventricular contractions?

A

They close

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2
Q

How many cusps do Semilunar Valve have?

A

3 cusps

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3
Q

What are the 2 Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral)

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4
Q

What are the 2 Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonary and Aortic

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5
Q

SL valves do what during ventricular contractions?

A

they are forced open

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6
Q

What are the 3 tissues of the Heart?

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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7
Q

also called the visceral pericardium. Outermost layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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8
Q

middle layer of the heart; cardiac muscle (contracts).

A

Myocardium

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9
Q

inner layer of the heart; lines the inside of the heart; squamous epithelium

A

Endocardium

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10
Q

anchors the myocardium, valves and vessels, but is not electrically active

A

Fibrous skeleton of the Heart

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11
Q

supply myocardium with oxygenated blod

A

Coronary arteries

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12
Q

drain myocardium of deoxygenated blood

A

coronary veins

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13
Q

What is it called when the Coronary Artery’s perfusion is lowered due to not enough 02 or nutrients

A

Ischemia

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14
Q

what is it called when cardiac tissue dies due to lac of perfusion

A

Myocardial Infarction

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15
Q

Contraction of the heart is known as?

A

Systole

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16
Q

Relaxation of the heart is known as?

A

Diastole

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

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18
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Interna

Tunica Media

Tunica Externa

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19
Q

smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

Controls vessel diameter

A

Tunica media

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20
Q

collagen fibers (structural support).

A

Tunica Externa

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21
Q

endothelium. Lining of the blood vessels. Simple squamous epithelium + basement membrane

A

Tunica Interna

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of Arteries

A
  1. Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
  2. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
  3. Arterioles
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23
Q
  • Aorta and its major branches.
  • Thick walls, large lumen.

Low resistance to blood flow

A

Elastic Arteries

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24
Q

•Medium-sized.

Distributes blood to individual organs

A

Muscular (Distributing) Arteries

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25
Q

•Smallest arteries.

Control blood flow into capillary beds

A

Arterioles

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of veins

A

Venules

Veins

Sinuses

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27
Q

What is the smallest Vein

A

Venules

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28
Q

thin walls, large lumens. Limb veins have valves

A

Veins

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29
Q

specialized. Endothelium only. Coronary sinus: drains myocardium. Dural sinuses: drain brain tissue

A

Sinuses

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30
Q

•Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled.

Blood pressure drops, so poor perfusion

A

Circulatory Shock

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31
Q
  • Most common type of shock.
  • Cause: fluid loss including:

a. acute hemorrhage
b. severe vomiting or diarrhea
c. extensive burns

•Treatment: fluid replacement ASAP

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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32
Q
  • Nonliving.
  • 90% H2O.
  • 8% proteins: albumin, clotting proteins (fibrinogen + prothrombin).

2% nutrients, respiratory gases, electrolytes and wastes

A

Blood Plasma

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33
Q

What is plasma with clotting proteins removed

A

Serum

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34
Q
  • %RBC’s in a blood sample.
  • Normal adult values:
  • Males: 47± 5%
  • Females: 42 ± 5%
  • Males have more RBCs because testosterone causes more erythropoietin secretion by kidney
A

Hematocrit

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35
Q

•platelets Involved in hemostasis – a mechanism for preventing blood loss when a vessel is injured.

A

Thrombocytes

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36
Q

Mechanism for preventing blood loss

A

hemostasis

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37
Q

what are the 3 phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
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38
Q

•Vasoconstriction: immediate; ↓blood loss.

Triggered by chemicals released from injured cells and platelets

A

Vascular Spasms

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39
Q
  • Platelets cling to exposed collagen fibers.
  • Initiate chemotaxis (release of stored chemical messengers): positive feedback mechanism.

More platelets recruited to injury site

A

Platelet plug Formation

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40
Q
  • Cascade of chemical reactions.
  • Requires clotting factors and Ca++.

Ultimately forms a fibrin “net” that holds platelets together and traps other substances (RBC’s

A

Coagulation

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41
Q
  • The production of red blood cells.
  • All types of blood cells develop from a common ancestor called a hemocytoblast.
A

Erythropoiesis

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42
Q

transports O2 & CO2, buffers H+.

A

Hemoglobin

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43
Q

What are the 5 major Leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils: bacteria
  2. Eosinophils: parasitic worms; allergic reactions.
  3. Basophils: inflammatory response.
  4. Lymphocytes: virus-infected cells + tumor cells.
  5. Monocytes: become macrophages; chronic infections (TB).
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44
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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45
Q

provide a patent airway

  • route food & air into separate channels
  • voice production
A

Larynx (“voice box”)

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46
Q

what are the 3 Laryngeal Cartilages

A

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage

Epiglottis

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47
Q

“Adam’s apple”; largest

A

Thyroid cartilage

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48
Q

below thyroid cartilage; 360°.

A

Caricoid cartilage

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49
Q

“Guardian of the Airways” – closes during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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50
Q

what are the functions of the Epiglottis

A
  • Covers inlet to larynx when swallowing.
  • Stimulates coughing if touched.

Nonfunctional if comatose

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51
Q

ligaments that vibrate to produce sound as we exhale

A

True Vocal cords

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52
Q

ligaments that help close the glottis during swallowing

A

False vocal cords

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53
Q
  • Anterior to esophagus.
  • Expands and recoils during breathing.
A

Trachea

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54
Q

how many cartilage rings are in the Trachea

A

16-20

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55
Q

how many generations of airway branching are there in the lungs

A

25 generations

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56
Q

what is the last generation called

A

terminal bronchioles

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57
Q
  • No cartilage.
  • Smooth muscle present.

Patency depends on pressure within the lungs

A

Bronchioles

58
Q

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli (Breathing)

A

Ventilation

59
Q

gas exchange between:

  • the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
  • the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells
A

Respiration

60
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide moving in opposite directions at the lungs and at the cells of the body

A

Gas exchange

61
Q

How does Gas exchange happen

A

Occurs by simple diffusion

62
Q

what is the driving force behind gas exchange

A

Partial Pressure gradient

63
Q

what is air’s mixture

A

•~21% O2 and ~79% N2

64
Q

what is the pressure of oxygen in the alveolus

A

100 mmHg

65
Q

what is the pressure of oxygen in the Venous blood

A

40 mmHg

66
Q

what is the pressure of oxygen in the Arterial Blood

A

100 mmHg

67
Q

what is the pressure of CO2 in the Alveolus

A

40 mmHg

68
Q

what is the pressure of CO2 in the Venous blood

A

45 mmHg

69
Q

what is the pressure of CO2 in the Arterial blood

A

40 mmHg

70
Q

O2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what

A

from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary

71
Q

CO2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what

A

from the pulmonary capillary to the alveolus

72
Q

•stimulates contraction of diaphragm + external

intercostals

A

Medulla oblongata

73
Q

what is the primary stimulus to breathing

A

rise in CO2

74
Q

•causes air to flow into and out the lungs.

Air flows down its pressure gradient

A

Pressure gradient

75
Q

what are the 2 muscles involved with Inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External intercostals

76
Q

what are the 2 types of Exhalation

A

Passive Exhalation and forced exhalation

77
Q

what are the 4 structures involved with the Urinary System

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
78
Q

What are the 3 tissues around the Kidney

A

Renal Fascia

Adipose capsule

Renal capsule

79
Q

•(a layer of fat): protects against trauma for the kidneys

A

adipose capsule

80
Q

•(innermost layer): protects kidneys against infection from other structures

A

Renal capsule

81
Q

(outermost layer): anchors the kidneys in place

A

Renal Fascia

82
Q

what are the 5 functions of the kidneys

A
  1. Filter blood
  2. Produce urine
  3. Fluid & electrolyte balance
  4. Acid-base balance
  5. Produce renin and erythropoietin
83
Q

“crescent moon” – surrounds glomerulus. Visceral & parietal layers

A

Bowmans capsule

84
Q

folded, twisted region; very permeable; dense microvilli

A

proximal convoluted tubule

85
Q

folded, twisted region; impermeable unless ADH or aldosterone present

A

Distal convoluted tubule

86
Q

Permeable to H20 only

A

Descending Limb

87
Q

permeable to electrolytes only

A

Ascending Limb

88
Q

what are the 3 steps of Urine formation

A

Filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

89
Q

compounds move from the glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule

A

Filtration

90
Q

compounds move from the nephron → peritubular capillaries

A

Reabsorption

91
Q

compounds move from the peritubular capillaries → nephron

A

Secretion

92
Q

what are the 3 Nitrogenous Wastes

A
  1. Urea: amino acid breakdown.
  2. Creatinine: creatine phosphate break-down.
  3. Uric acid: nucleic acid breakdown
93
Q

Lung Anatomy

Narrow top, lies deep to avoid the clavicles

A

Apex

94
Q

Lung Anatomy

Concave botton; sits on the diaphragm

A

Base

95
Q

Lung Anatomy

For the Heart

A

Cardiac Notch

96
Q

How many lobes are in the Right lung and what are their names

A

•Right lung has 3 lobes:

  1. right upper lobe
  2. right middle lobe
  3. right lower lobe
97
Q

how many lobes are in the Left lung and what are their names

A

•Left lung has 2 lobes:

  1. left upper lobe
  2. left lower lobe
98
Q

Double-layered serous membrane that produces pleural fluid

Reduces friction and connects lungs to ribcage and diaphragm

A

The Pleura

99
Q

lines surface of lung

A

Visceral Pleura

100
Q

lines inside of ribcage and top of diaphragm

A

Parietal Pleura

101
Q

a. sperm production
b. androgen production (testosterone)

A

testes

102
Q

production of haploid sperm cells by meiosis; regulated by testosterone

A

Spermatogenesis

103
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sperm cell

A
  1. Head
  2. Midpiece
  3. Tail
104
Q

1.Sac made of skin, fat and muscle.

Maintain testes outside the body for temperature regulation

A

Scrotum

105
Q

Transports sperm from testes to exterior

A

Male Duct System

106
Q

Sperm maturation; stores sperm; propels sperm during ejaculation

A

Epididymis

107
Q

Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct. Uses peristalsis

Vasectomy

A

Ductus Deferens

108
Q
  • Transport sperm to urethra
  • Mixing of sperm

and seminal fluid

A

Ejaculatory Duct

109
Q

Transports urine and sperm

A

Urethra

110
Q

what are the 3 regions of the Urethra

A

Prostatic

Membraneous

Spongy

111
Q

what are the 3 Accessory Glands

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
112
Q

1.Along posterior bladder.

Produce seminal fluid (60% of semen): yellow, viscous, alkaline. Contains: fructose

A

Seminal Vesicles

113
Q

1.Below the bladder; encircles superior urethra.

Function: produces prostatic fluid Milky white. Contains

A

Prostate Gland

114
Q

liquifies semen

A

Fibrolysin

115
Q

1.Pea-sized glands below prostate gland.

Produce and secrete thick clear mucus into urethra prior to ejaculation

A

Bulbourethral Glands

116
Q

What are the 3 regions of the penis

A
  1. Root (internal)
  2. Shaft (body)
  3. Glans penis (distal
    end) : covered by prepuce (foreskin) if uncircumcised
117
Q

what are the 3 columns of erectile tissue

A

a. Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra.
b. Corpora cavernosa (2)

118
Q

Ovary Structure

outer region containing oocytes in various stages of development

A

Cortex

119
Q

Ovary Structure

inner region containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Medulla

120
Q

•Oocyte surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells.

Each month after puberty, several follicles develop further

A

Ovarian Follicles

121
Q

Immature follicles

A

Primordial follicles

122
Q

Mature follicles

A

Graafian follicles

123
Q

What are the 4 steps of Ovulation

A
  1. An oocyte released into Fallopian tube.
  2. It is surrounded by the zona pellucida and the corona radiata.
  3. If not fertilized → quickly deteriorates.

If fertilized → completes meiosis: 23 chromosomes

124
Q
  1. Granulosa cells left after ovulation.
  2. Function: produces progesterone - maintains uterine lining for implantation.
  3. Lifespan: 10 days (no fertilization); 3 months (fertilization)
A

Corpus Luteum ( Temporary Endocrine gland )

125
Q

How long is the ovarian cycle

A

about 28 days

126
Q

what day does Ovulation occur

A

occurs on day 14

127
Q

what are the 2 phases of Ovulation

A

a. Follicular phase (days 1-14): follicles develop.
b. Luteal phase (days 15-28): corpus luteum develops

128
Q

what are the 3 hormones used in the ovarian cycle

A

a. FSH: maturation of ovarian follicle
b. LH: estrogen production; ovulation
c. Estrogen: overall control of the ovarian cycle

129
Q
  • Oviduct or uterine tubes.
  • Receives ovulated oocyte.

Fertilization site

A

Fallopian Tubes

130
Q

internal lining where implantation of fertilized egg occurs

A

Endometrium

131
Q

what are the 3 phases of the Uterine Cycle

A

a. menstrual phase (days 1-5): endometrium sloughs; estrogen and progesterone ↓↓.
b. proliferative phase (days 6-14): endometrium rebuilds; estrogen ↑.
c. secretory phase (days 15-28): endometrium maintained & ready for implantation; progesterone ↑ then low ↓

132
Q
  • 3-4 inches long.
  • Rugae.

Acidic

A

Vagina

133
Q

rounded region of adipose tissue over the pubic symphysis

A

Mons pubis

134
Q

tissue folds of the vagina

A

Labia majora and minora

135
Q

lubrication of the Vagina

A

Greater vestibular glands

136
Q

female erectile tissue, prepuce

A

Clitoris

137
Q

transports milk to the nipple

A

Lactiferous duct

138
Q

darkened region around nipple; sebaceous glands – lubrication

A

Areola

139
Q

small units that contain alveoli (milk-producing glands).

A

Lobule

140
Q

stimulates the production of breast milk

A

Prolactin

141
Q

“let down” reflex – ejection of milk from the alveoli

A

Oxytocin

General Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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