Lecture 4 exam Flashcards
AV valves do what during Ventricular contractions?
They close
How many cusps do Semilunar Valve have?
3 cusps
What are the 2 Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral)
What are the 2 Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary and Aortic
SL valves do what during ventricular contractions?
they are forced open
What are the 3 tissues of the Heart?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
also called the visceral pericardium. Outermost layer of the heart
Epicardium
middle layer of the heart; cardiac muscle (contracts).
Myocardium
inner layer of the heart; lines the inside of the heart; squamous epithelium
Endocardium
anchors the myocardium, valves and vessels, but is not electrically active
Fibrous skeleton of the Heart
supply myocardium with oxygenated blod
Coronary arteries
drain myocardium of deoxygenated blood
coronary veins
What is it called when the Coronary Artery’s perfusion is lowered due to not enough 02 or nutrients
Ischemia
what is it called when cardiac tissue dies due to lac of perfusion
Myocardial Infarction
Contraction of the heart is known as?
Systole
Relaxation of the heart is known as?
Diastole
What are the 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
What are the 3 tissue layers of blood vessels?
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Controls vessel diameter
Tunica media
collagen fibers (structural support).
Tunica Externa
endothelium. Lining of the blood vessels. Simple squamous epithelium + basement membrane
Tunica Interna
What are the 3 types of Arteries
- Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
- Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
- Arterioles
- Aorta and its major branches.
- Thick walls, large lumen.
Low resistance to blood flow
Elastic Arteries
•Medium-sized.
Distributes blood to individual organs
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
•Smallest arteries.
Control blood flow into capillary beds
Arterioles
what are the 3 types of veins
Venules
Veins
Sinuses
What is the smallest Vein
Venules
thin walls, large lumens. Limb veins have valves
Veins
specialized. Endothelium only. Coronary sinus: drains myocardium. Dural sinuses: drain brain tissue
Sinuses
•Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled.
Blood pressure drops, so poor perfusion
Circulatory Shock
- Most common type of shock.
- Cause: fluid loss including:
a. acute hemorrhage
b. severe vomiting or diarrhea
c. extensive burns
•Treatment: fluid replacement ASAP
Hypovolemic Shock
- Nonliving.
- 90% H2O.
- 8% proteins: albumin, clotting proteins (fibrinogen + prothrombin).
2% nutrients, respiratory gases, electrolytes and wastes
Blood Plasma
What is plasma with clotting proteins removed
Serum
- %RBC’s in a blood sample.
- Normal adult values:
- Males: 47± 5%
- Females: 42 ± 5%
- Males have more RBCs because testosterone causes more erythropoietin secretion by kidney
Hematocrit
•platelets Involved in hemostasis – a mechanism for preventing blood loss when a vessel is injured.
Thrombocytes
Mechanism for preventing blood loss
hemostasis
what are the 3 phases of hemostasis
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
•Vasoconstriction: immediate; ↓blood loss.
Triggered by chemicals released from injured cells and platelets
Vascular Spasms
- Platelets cling to exposed collagen fibers.
- Initiate chemotaxis (release of stored chemical messengers): positive feedback mechanism.
More platelets recruited to injury site
Platelet plug Formation
- Cascade of chemical reactions.
- Requires clotting factors and Ca++.
Ultimately forms a fibrin “net” that holds platelets together and traps other substances (RBC’s
Coagulation
- The production of red blood cells.
- All types of blood cells develop from a common ancestor called a hemocytoblast.
Erythropoiesis
transports O2 & CO2, buffers H+.
Hemoglobin
What are the 5 major Leukocytes
- Neutrophils: bacteria
- Eosinophils: parasitic worms; allergic reactions.
- Basophils: inflammatory response.
- Lymphocytes: virus-infected cells + tumor cells.
- Monocytes: become macrophages; chronic infections (TB).
What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
provide a patent airway
- route food & air into separate channels
- voice production
Larynx (“voice box”)
what are the 3 Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Epiglottis
“Adam’s apple”; largest
Thyroid cartilage
below thyroid cartilage; 360°.
Caricoid cartilage
“Guardian of the Airways” – closes during swallowing
Epiglottis
what are the functions of the Epiglottis
- Covers inlet to larynx when swallowing.
- Stimulates coughing if touched.
Nonfunctional if comatose
ligaments that vibrate to produce sound as we exhale
True Vocal cords
ligaments that help close the glottis during swallowing
False vocal cords
- Anterior to esophagus.
- Expands and recoils during breathing.
Trachea
how many cartilage rings are in the Trachea
16-20
how many generations of airway branching are there in the lungs
25 generations
what is the last generation called
terminal bronchioles
- No cartilage.
- Smooth muscle present.
Patency depends on pressure within the lungs
Bronchioles
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli (Breathing)
Ventilation
gas exchange between:
- the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
- the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells
Respiration
oxygen and carbon dioxide moving in opposite directions at the lungs and at the cells of the body
Gas exchange
How does Gas exchange happen
Occurs by simple diffusion
what is the driving force behind gas exchange
Partial Pressure gradient
what is air’s mixture
•~21% O2 and ~79% N2
what is the pressure of oxygen in the alveolus
100 mmHg
what is the pressure of oxygen in the Venous blood
40 mmHg
what is the pressure of oxygen in the Arterial Blood
100 mmHg
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Alveolus
40 mmHg
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Venous blood
45 mmHg
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Arterial blood
40 mmHg
O2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what
from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary
CO2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what
from the pulmonary capillary to the alveolus
•stimulates contraction of diaphragm + external
intercostals
Medulla oblongata
what is the primary stimulus to breathing
rise in CO2
•causes air to flow into and out the lungs.
Air flows down its pressure gradient
Pressure gradient
what are the 2 muscles involved with Inspiration
Diaphragm and External intercostals
what are the 2 types of Exhalation
Passive Exhalation and forced exhalation
what are the 4 structures involved with the Urinary System
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
What are the 3 tissues around the Kidney
Renal Fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
•(a layer of fat): protects against trauma for the kidneys
adipose capsule
•(innermost layer): protects kidneys against infection from other structures
Renal capsule
(outermost layer): anchors the kidneys in place
Renal Fascia
what are the 5 functions of the kidneys
- Filter blood
- Produce urine
- Fluid & electrolyte balance
- Acid-base balance
- Produce renin and erythropoietin
“crescent moon” – surrounds glomerulus. Visceral & parietal layers
Bowmans capsule
folded, twisted region; very permeable; dense microvilli
proximal convoluted tubule
folded, twisted region; impermeable unless ADH or aldosterone present
Distal convoluted tubule
Permeable to H20 only
Descending Limb
permeable to electrolytes only
Ascending Limb
what are the 3 steps of Urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
compounds move from the glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule
Filtration
compounds move from the nephron → peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption
compounds move from the peritubular capillaries → nephron
Secretion
what are the 3 Nitrogenous Wastes
- Urea: amino acid breakdown.
- Creatinine: creatine phosphate break-down.
- Uric acid: nucleic acid breakdown
Lung Anatomy
Narrow top, lies deep to avoid the clavicles
Apex
Lung Anatomy
Concave botton; sits on the diaphragm
Base
Lung Anatomy
For the Heart
Cardiac Notch
How many lobes are in the Right lung and what are their names
•Right lung has 3 lobes:
- right upper lobe
- right middle lobe
- right lower lobe
how many lobes are in the Left lung and what are their names
•Left lung has 2 lobes:
- left upper lobe
- left lower lobe
Double-layered serous membrane that produces pleural fluid
Reduces friction and connects lungs to ribcage and diaphragm
The Pleura
lines surface of lung
Visceral Pleura
lines inside of ribcage and top of diaphragm
Parietal Pleura
a. sperm production
b. androgen production (testosterone)
testes
production of haploid sperm cells by meiosis; regulated by testosterone
Spermatogenesis
what are the 3 parts of the sperm cell
- Head
- Midpiece
- Tail
1.Sac made of skin, fat and muscle.
Maintain testes outside the body for temperature regulation
Scrotum
Transports sperm from testes to exterior
Male Duct System
Sperm maturation; stores sperm; propels sperm during ejaculation
Epididymis
Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct. Uses peristalsis
Vasectomy
Ductus Deferens
- Transport sperm to urethra
- Mixing of sperm
and seminal fluid
Ejaculatory Duct
Transports urine and sperm
Urethra
what are the 3 regions of the Urethra
Prostatic
Membraneous
Spongy
what are the 3 Accessory Glands
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
1.Along posterior bladder.
Produce seminal fluid (60% of semen): yellow, viscous, alkaline. Contains: fructose
Seminal Vesicles
1.Below the bladder; encircles superior urethra.
Function: produces prostatic fluid Milky white. Contains
Prostate Gland
liquifies semen
Fibrolysin
1.Pea-sized glands below prostate gland.
Produce and secrete thick clear mucus into urethra prior to ejaculation
Bulbourethral Glands
What are the 3 regions of the penis
- Root (internal)
- Shaft (body)
- Glans penis (distal
end) : covered by prepuce (foreskin) if uncircumcised
what are the 3 columns of erectile tissue
a. Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra.
b. Corpora cavernosa (2)
Ovary Structure
outer region containing oocytes in various stages of development
Cortex
Ovary Structure
inner region containing blood vessels and nerves
Medulla
•Oocyte surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells.
Each month after puberty, several follicles develop further
Ovarian Follicles
Immature follicles
Primordial follicles
Mature follicles
Graafian follicles
What are the 4 steps of Ovulation
- An oocyte released into Fallopian tube.
- It is surrounded by the zona pellucida and the corona radiata.
- If not fertilized → quickly deteriorates.
If fertilized → completes meiosis: 23 chromosomes
- Granulosa cells left after ovulation.
- Function: produces progesterone - maintains uterine lining for implantation.
- Lifespan: 10 days (no fertilization); 3 months (fertilization)
Corpus Luteum ( Temporary Endocrine gland )
How long is the ovarian cycle
about 28 days
what day does Ovulation occur
occurs on day 14
what are the 2 phases of Ovulation
a. Follicular phase (days 1-14): follicles develop.
b. Luteal phase (days 15-28): corpus luteum develops
what are the 3 hormones used in the ovarian cycle
a. FSH: maturation of ovarian follicle
b. LH: estrogen production; ovulation
c. Estrogen: overall control of the ovarian cycle
- Oviduct or uterine tubes.
- Receives ovulated oocyte.
Fertilization site
Fallopian Tubes
internal lining where implantation of fertilized egg occurs
Endometrium
what are the 3 phases of the Uterine Cycle
a. menstrual phase (days 1-5): endometrium sloughs; estrogen and progesterone ↓↓.
b. proliferative phase (days 6-14): endometrium rebuilds; estrogen ↑.
c. secretory phase (days 15-28): endometrium maintained & ready for implantation; progesterone ↑ then low ↓
- 3-4 inches long.
- Rugae.
Acidic
Vagina
rounded region of adipose tissue over the pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
tissue folds of the vagina
Labia majora and minora
lubrication of the Vagina
Greater vestibular glands
female erectile tissue, prepuce
Clitoris
transports milk to the nipple
Lactiferous duct
darkened region around nipple; sebaceous glands – lubrication
Areola
small units that contain alveoli (milk-producing glands).
Lobule
stimulates the production of breast milk
Prolactin
“let down” reflex – ejection of milk from the alveoli
Oxytocin