Lecture - Chapter 3 (P1 for TEST 1) Flashcards
describe Pavlov’s background
- set out to become a priest like his father
- performed poorly in elementary school
- while in seminary, he became fascinated with russian translations of western scientific writings with darwinian overtones
- left the seminary to pursue studies at the uni of st. petersburg in animal physiology and in medecine
What are darwinian overtones?
the process that allows for behaviour to occur (asking about why things happen)
define reflex
natural biological response to some kind of stimulus in the environment
In Pavlov’s book “Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex,” pacloc wanted to know
- how you can have training of reflexes
- was trying to figure out how we behave in the ways we do
even biological reflexes can be _
trained
ex. can still train the eye blink
when dogs naturally drooled when fed, that was an _ reflex in pavlov’s terms
unconditional
when dogs drooled in response to a sight/sound that was associated with food by mere happenstance,a _ has been created
conditional reflex (to a conditional stimulus)
pavlov had formulated abasic psychological principle, _, and discovered _
(one the also applied to human beings)
- discovered an objective way to measure how it worked
Pavlov never trained a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, what did he intend to do?
was trying to figure out how the internal physiology of an organism functions in connection with environment
- was studying digestive physiology and leaarned that dogs would salivate even when they just see a researcher without food
the iconic bell
would have proven
totally useless to his real
goal, which required
precise control over the_
quality and duration of
stimuli (he most
frequently employed a
metronome, a harmonium, a buzzer and electric shock)
Pavlov’s research originally had to do with how eating excited which secretions?
gastric, salivary, pancreatic
Describe Pavlov’s “sham feeding” method which won him the 1904 nobel prize in physiology or medicine?
- removed a dog’s esophagus and create an opening, a fistula, in the animal’s throat
- no matter how much the dog ate, the food would fall out and never make it to the stomach
- by creating additional fistulas along the digestive system and collecting secretions, he could measure quantity and chemical quality
Pavlov recognized that meaningful changes in physiology could be assessed only _
over time
- kept his dogs alive (did chronic experiments, typically involved surgery)
- animals are under lengthy supervision, they are irreplaceable
pavlov began focusing his research on “psychic secretions.” What are these?
drool produced by anything other than direct exposure to food
in classical conditioning, what used to be aneutral stimulus _
is no longer neutral because a connection is formed
In his research with dogs, pavolv connected tubes with the _. This gives us a measure of _
salivary gland
- production of saliva even before food is placed
- measure of the anticipatory response
Because pavlov could measure the amount of saliva produces, this allowed for
high quality of research to be produced
Pavlov refers to the food as an
unconditional stimulus
the salivation in response to the food is called an
unconditional response
- response that occurs without any learning
What pavlov showed repeatedly is that if a US is paried with another simulus often enough, _
this other stimulus will eventually lead to the response originally associated only with the US (ie. salivation)
If a buzzer is sounded every time food is presented to the dog, eventually the buzzer (called a _) will elicit the response of _ (called a _)
- conditioned stimulus
- elicit response of salivation
- conditioned response
conditioned means
required training to occur
food to salivation (before conditioning) is a _ stimulus to _ response
US>UR
whistle to NO salivation (before conditioning) is a _ stimulus to _ response
neutral stimulus>co conditioned response
whistle + food to salivation (during conditioning) results in an _ response
unconditioned response
whistle to salivation (after conditioning) is a _ stimulus to _ response
conditioned stimulus>conditioned response
In the class example of calvin being assaulted by an aggressive rooster and then getting nervoud when he hears the word rooster (claims that birds make him nervous), the US is _ and UR is _
US = rooster
UR = pain/fear
Do we always have to have repeated pairings for classical conditioning to occur?
no
- when fear is involved, an evolutionary mechanism kicks in and allows learning to happen very quickly
- the number of pairings to learn can be decreased to 1 if someone is aftraid/things something is life threatening
*fear is great motivator for learning
humans are born with a number of reflexes, reflexive responses can be classically conditioned. list some reflexes we are born with
- sucking reflex
- moro reflex (expaansive body posture, all fingers claw in together, comes from trying not to fall)
- knee-jerk reflex
- eye-blink reflex
- pupillary reflex (inc/dec with light)
describe the difference between contingency and contiguity
contingency = means that all events should be correlated
- ex. if there’s thunder, the likelihood of rain is very high
contiguity = says that events that occur together in time or space will be associated
is pavlovian conditioning based on contingency or contiguity?
contiguity
- when 2 things happen together, our body connects them
name the 4 different variations in contiguity (types of pairing) in classical conditioning
- simultaneous pairing
- delayed pairing
- trace pairing
- backward pairing
define simultaneous pairing
the CS starts and ends at exactly the same time as the US
define delayed pairing
the CS is presented before the US and continues during presentation of the US
define trace pairing
CS starts and ends before the US so that there is a very breif time lapse between the 2
define backward pairing
US has already been presented & removed before presentation of CS
define stimulus generalization
making the same/similar responses when presented with any of a number of related stimuli
- ex. diff experimenter walks in but same amount of saliva produced
define stimulus discrimination
making different responses to related but distinctly different stimuli
- ex. usually yellow = shock, faded yellow might still result in reaction but green light might not
define higher order conditioning
respones, stimuli, and reinforcers linked in complex ways
ex. connecting other features of the room to anxiety when waiting for a light to come on (stimulus),
describe one treatment for enuresis presented in class, based on classical conditioning
- child sleeps on a pad
- the child wets the pad electric circuit causing a bell to ring (US)
- child wakes up (UR)
eventually, the need to urinate (now a CS) becomes sufficient in itself to awaken the child (now a CR) so they can get up and go to the bathroom (no need for PAD with Bell
describe the conditioned taste aversion example brought about in class
- coyotes killing sheep
- sheep meat (CS) sprinkled with a chemical (US) that would produce a stomachache (UR)
- after coyotes ate the treated meat, they avoided the live sheep (CR)
*this human application of conditioned taste aversion might be used to control other predators as well
classical conditioning is a _ in learning
pioneering concept
- allows for us to connectout learning to a mechanism and connect with biology
describe Wilhelm Wundt’s background and interests
- born in Germany
- Early school career was difficult & unsuccessful
- fascinated by anatomy and the ‘mysteries of the brain’ while in college
*structuralism
describe structuralism
- psychological processes, as products of physiological actions in the brain
structuralism used the method of _
introspectionism
Just like a tongue is compartmentalised into flavours where info is being processed _
- structure of the mind could be understood by breaking it down into elementary parts
