Chapter 3 - Lecture PT 2 Test 2 Flashcards
structuralism used the method of _ and involved ,,_
introspection
- sensations (sights, sounds, tastes)
- images (components of thoughts)
- affections (components of emotions)
how would a structuralist study sensation & perception?
In the laboratory setting, a structuralist psychologist might investigate the sensation and perception of a visual stimulus, such as a simple geometric
shape like a triangle
- The goal would be to break down the conscious experience of seeing this shape into its elemental components
name the 5 parts to how a structuralist would study sensation & perception
- sensations
- perceptions
- introspection
- elemental analysis
- repetition and comparison
describe sensations (in the context of a structuralist studying sensation & perception)
The psychologist would examine the basic sensory experiences associated with viewing the triangle, including the sensations of brightness, colour, and shape
describe perceptions (in the context of a structuralist studying sensation & perception)
They would also analyze how the mind organizes these sensations into a
coherent perception of a triangle. This might involve studying how the mind combines lines
and angles to recognize the shape
describe introspection (in the context of a structuralist studying sensation & perception)
The psychologist might use introspection, a method of self-observation and
reporting, to gather data
- participants would be asked to describe their conscious experiences
in as much detail as possible while looking at the triangle
- they might report their sensations,
thoughts, and feelings during this process
describe elemental analysis (in the context of a structuralist studying sensation & perception)
Based on the introspective reports, the psychologist would attempt to identify the elementary mental processes involved in perceiving the triangle
- for example, they might seek to understand how different sensations combine to create the perception of a particular colour or shape
describe repetition and comparison (in the context of a structuralist studying sensation & perception)
The experiment might involve presenting the triangle repeatedly or comparing it to other shapes to understand how variations in stimuli influence conscious experience
While structuralism
played a foundational
role in the development
of psychology as a
science, it faced
criticism for its _
reliance on introspection,
which is subjective and
difficult to standardize
what concept did James Mark Baldwin promote?
(1861-1934) functionalism
- what is the function of a particular behaviour?
describe the cue (or trigger)
The cue is the first component of the habit loop and serves as a trigger or signal that initiates the habit.
- Cues can be internal or external
give examples of internal and external cues
- Internal cues might include emotions (e.g., stress, boredom) or physical sensations (e.g., hunger)
- External cues could be specific times of day, locations, people, or objects
Why are cues essential?
Cues are essential because they prompt your brain to initiate a particular habit.
- They create an automatic response to a given situation or context
how did functionalists relate to the habit loop?
tried to explain the why of all the components (split based on structuralism)
*explanation of why this happens is functionalist, the breaking this down is structuralist
give smartphone-related cue example
Your smartphone vibrates with a notification. This is the cue that initiates the habit loop
give smartphone-related routine example
You pick up your smartphone, unlock it, and check the notification. This is the routine you’ve associated with the cue
give smartphone-related reward example
ou see a message
from a friend, and your brain experiences a small dopamine release, giving you a sense of satisfaction and social connection
over time, the smartphone cue-routine-reward habit loop becomes _
- ingrained
- henever your phone vibrates (cue), you automatically reach for it
(routine) in anticipation of the reward - this cycle can become
so automatic that you may not even consciously think about
early psychophysics involves _ and _q
sensation and perception
define sensation (early psychophysics)
process through which the senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
define perception (early psychophysics)
process by which sensory info is actively organized and interpreted by the brain
define absolute threshold
the difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to just barely perceive it
*the point at which the stimulus will be detected 50% of the time (called absolute threshold even though more approximate)
for each individual there is a lower limit below which _ and an upper limit above which _
- lower below which a stimulus will never be detected
- upper above which it will always be detected
define difference threshold
the smallest increase/decrease in aphysical stimulus that is required to produce the “just noticeable difference” (JND) in sensation that is detectable 50% of the time
psychophysicists tried to measure not only absolute thesholds but also _
the differential threshold, often referred to as the just noticeable difference (JND)
JND =
the least amount of change in stimulation that would be noticeable
Max Weber concluded that JNDs are _
a constant proportion of a stimulus (Weber’s Law)
in the graphical portayal of weber’s law, can see that
- the magnitude of change required to be noticeable increases as intensity of stimulation increases
- ex. super bright room and increase the light = can’t tell
- ex. with lower db weight, can tell if made a little heavier
how good are these theories?
- they tend to be clear and understandable
- they are relatively parsimonious (easy to break apart)
- these theories are highly practical
