Lecture Assignment 2 Questions Flashcards
___________________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter
A pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means is an ________________________________.
element
An ____________________ is the smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.
atom
Which of the atoms’ subatomic particles has a positive electrical charge? __________________________
protons
The ________________ of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
atomic number
________________________ emit subatomic particles that can be detected and tracked by imaging technologies.
Radioisotopes
All electron shells hold eight electrons except the first shell, which can only hold ________.
two
When a molecule is made up of two or more atoms of different elements, it is called a chemical __________________________.
compound
An atom that has an electrical charge is called an _______________________.
ion
The opposite charges of cations and anions exert a moderately strong mutual attraction that keeps the atoms in close proximity forming an_________________
ionic bond
___________________ energy is stored energy.
chemical
What kind of reaction is it when a chemical reaction breaks down something larger into its smaller constituent parts? __________________________
decomposition reaction
Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions are called _________________.
catalyst
An ___________________________ is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.
organic compound
_______are formed when ions form ionic bonds.
Salts
A _____________ can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids.
buffer
____________________ are referred to as saccharides, a word meaning “sugars.”
Carbohydrates
__________________________releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, suppling ready energy to the cell.
ATP
What type of dietary lipid group is the most abundant type found in body tissues? ______________________
Triglyceride
A _______________________ is an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
protein
What is the structure of an atom, including what is atomic number and atomic weight.
A. Proton—positive charge-found in nucleus, atomic weight of 1.
B. Neutron—neutral charge, found in nucleus, atomic weight of 1.
C. Electron—negative charge, revolves around the nucleus. atomic weight of zero.
what is an orbit is and how many electrons can be in those orbits.
-Electrons arranged in orbits (shells, energy levels)
-Outermost shell is called valence shell
Specific number of electrons in each energy level:
2 electrons in first level
8 electrons in second level
8 or more electrons in third level
Smaller simpler molecules are combined into larger molecules (building reactions) in the process of consuming energy.
Anabolism
Breaks larger substances down into simpler molecules and releases energy
Catabolism
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.
Metabolism
4 types of chemical reactions
A. Synthesis A + B AB also called anabolic, dehydration
B. Degradation AB A + B also called catabolic, hydrolysis
C. Exchange AB + CD AC + BD combination of synthesis and degradation reactions
D. Reversible A + B AB
Name some factors that influence rates of chemical reactions
A. Presence (or lack of) of heat
B. Presence (or absence) of catalysts
C. Distance between molecules
D. Molecule particle size
What is an ion and how are they formed and what happens when they dissolve in a solvent.
An atom that has an electrical charge—whether positive or negative—is an ion.
An ion is formed when an atom participates in a chemical reaction that results in the donation or acceptance of one or more electrons, the atom will then become positively or negatively charged.
Water is an essential component of life because it is able to break the ionic bonds in salts to free the ions.
Atoms with a positive charge
cation
Atoms with negative charge.
anion
Compare and contrast an ionic bond and a covalent bond.
Ionic Bonds- Chemical Bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations. (Give an electron away or gain an electron)
Covalent Bonds-Formed by sharing of electrons
-Very strong bond
Examples:
H2
O2
Name the properties of water
Solvent
Chemical Reaction Participant
Temperature Buffer
Cooling
Lubricant
Most Abundant Compound in Cells
What is formed when an acid is placed in water?
Ionize in Water to Form:
Hydrogen Ion
Anion
Example:
H2O
HCl H+ + Cl-
What is formed when a base is put in water?
Ionize in Water to Form:
Hydroxyl Anion
Cation
Example:
H2O
NaOH Na+ + OH-
What is is the relative Concentration of Hydrogen Ions and Hydroxyl Ions in the Body
pH
Name 4 organic compounds found in the human body and their general function.
A. Carbohydrates—energy source (energy production).
B. Lipids—energy storage.
C. Proteins—multiple functions (messengers, receptors, structural integrity, etc.)
D. Nucleic Acids—genetic code production and transport
A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Enzyme
How are carbohydrates stored in animals?
Glycogen(aka fats)
How are carbohydrates stored in plants?
As starch
Name some things that can denature (inactivate) proteins
1) Extreme pH values
-Gluteraldehyde solutions
2) High salt concentrations
3) Extreme temperatures
-Heat sterilization
4)Harsh chemicals
-Chemical sterilization
The basic structure of DNA and the four bases that are present in DNA.
-Double Helix like a twisted ladder
-contains sugar deoxyribose
-4 Bases:
Adenine to Thymine (A to T)
Guanine to Cytosine (G to C)
The basic structure of RNA and the four bases that are present in RNA.
Contains SugarRibose
Contains Bases
Adenine to Uracil (A to U)
Guanine to Cytosine (G to C)
Functions in Transport of DNA during Protein Synthesis
3 Chemical Bonds
Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds
How many layers of phospholipid membranes in a cell?
Two
number of protons and the number of neutrons.
atomic weight
number of electrons in an electrically stable atom.
number of protons
