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anatomy 2401 > lecture anatomy exam 2 > Flashcards

lecture anatomy exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What catalyzes the synthesis of vitamin D in epidermis?

A

UV light

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2
Q

What type of cells does melanin accumulate in the skin?

A

Melanin accumulates in melanosomes, which are then transferred to keratinocytes.

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3
Q

What layer of the epidermis has the fastest rate of mitosis?

A

stratum basale

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4
Q

Which epidermal cell has an immunological function?

A

dendritic or langerhans’s

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5
Q

What is the function of the lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum?

A

to make the skin water-resistant

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6
Q

What is absent in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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7
Q

How do nutrients reach the epidermis of the skin?

A

dermal papillae extend into the epidermis to supply it with blood vessels and nerve endings.

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8
Q

Where are dermal papillae most conspicuous?

A

friction ridges, on hands and feet.

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9
Q

How many layers comprise the epidermis and dermis?

A

E: 4 or 5 layers, stratum basale is deepest and actively mitotic. Stratum spinosum resists tension and pulling. Stratum granulosum waterproofs the skin and keratinization begins. Stratum lucidum is a few clear layers of dead cells; absent in thin skin. Stratum corneum is superficial and the thickest layer; it provides protection with its many layers of dead, keratinized cells.
D: 2 layers; papillary is thin, superficial, and made of areolar tissue with collagen fibers for support. Reticular is deep, thick, made of dense irregular connective tissue, and contains majority of dermal structures.

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10
Q

Why can the hypodermis act as a shock absorber?

A

it is composed of fatty tissue (adipose).

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11
Q

What are the parts of a hair from deepest in the skin to the part above the surface?

A

Hair root: hair papilla (nutrient supply for hair), hair matrix (actively mitotic area), hair bulb (expanded, inferior portion of follicle); hair shaft: medulla, cortex, cuticle; all of which are layers consisting of dead, keratinized cells.

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12
Q

What type of sudoriferous gland produces milky sweat due to high amounts of lipids?

A

apocrine

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13
Q

What type of modified sudoriferous gland secretes a wax? What is that wax called?

A

ceruminous, cerumen

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14
Q

What type of modified sudoriferous gland secretes milk?

A

mammary

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15
Q

What gland secretes sebum oil at the base of the hairs?

A

sebaceous

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16
Q

What glands are most responsible for cooling the skin?

A

eccrine sweat glands

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17
Q

What integumentary glands normally develop at puberty?

A

sebaceous glands, apocrine glands

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18
Q

What are the major characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma?

A

BCC: least malignant and most common; stratum basale cells invade dermis.
SCC: common and can metastasize; involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum; often presents as red and scaly.
MM: cancer of melanocytes; highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy; ABCD: asymmetry, border irregularity, color is dark/or variable, diameter is larger than 6mm.

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19
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

support for body, protection for vital organs, movement when combined with muscles, hormone production, stores fat and minerals (calcium and phosphate), blood formation (hematopoiesis).

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20
Q

How is the skeletal system aid in the maintenance of acid-base balance?

A

phosphate can alter acid base balance and is stored in bones.

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21
Q

Describe and give examples of long and short bones.

A

long bones are longer than it is wide, most of the bones in extremities (humerus, femur). Short bones relatively equal in length and width (carpals and tarsals).

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22
Q

What bone type can vary in number from person to person?

A

accessory, sutural bones.

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23
Q

What classification is the vertebrae considered to be?

A

irregular

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24
Q

Define the shaft.

A

diaphysis

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25
Q

Define epiphysis

A

bone ends

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26
Q

Define periosteum

A

covers bones surface and contains bone cells (osteoblasts), blood vessels, and never fibers.

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27
Q

Define epiphyseal line

A

area of rapid growth during adolescence.

28
Q

Define endosteum

A

lines internal bone cavity.

29
Q

Define metaphysis

A

junction of epi/diaphysis, contains epiphyseal line.

30
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage on bone ends for protection.

31
Q

Define diaphysis

A

shaft or midsection of bone.

32
Q

Define spongy bone

A

honeycomb arrangement of bone that creates open spaces filled with marrow.

33
Q

Define compact bone

A

smooth, superficial covering of bone.

34
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

opening within diaphysis, contains bone marrow.

35
Q

Define osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

Osteoclasts (are bone dissolving cells) Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)

36
Q

What is diploe?

A

spongy bone sandwiched within a flat bone.

37
Q

Bone tissue is more rigid than other tissue because its ground substance contains inorganic salts, these contribute to the formation of what crystals in the bones?

A

hydroxyapatite (65% make up the bone).

38
Q

What would we need to have less of to make our bones more brittle and susceptible to spontaneous fractures?

A

collagen fibers

39
Q

What are osteocytes and where are they located?

A

mature bone cells, lacunae.

40
Q

What structures are found in a haversian canal?

A

nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessles.

41
Q

What allow osteocytes to transport their wastes to the bloodstream for removal?

A

canaliculi

42
Q

What is the framework called that is made up of spongy bones?

A

trabeculae

43
Q

Bone histology is much easier to understand when one recognizes that bone tissue is organized around what?

A

structural units and osteon

44
Q

Where does hemopoiesis typically occur within the skeletal system?

A

red bone marrow

45
Q

Why is yellow bone marrow yellow?

A

made of adipose tissue.

46
Q

In bone formation, what is the term that refers to bone tissue?

A

osseous

47
Q

In bone formation, what is the term that pertains to embryonic tissue that later turns into bone?

A

osteoid

48
Q

How do the bones of the face and the clavicle develop? How do the other bones develop?

A

fibrous connective tissue membranes and a cartilage model.

49
Q

When does the ossification of the ends of long bones take place? What is this site called?

A

By age 25 ossification is complete, Epiphyseal plate.

50
Q

In the embryological development of long bones, when does the medullary cavity develop?

A

periosteal bud (blood supply) invades cavities and forms spongy bone.

51
Q

What is it called when an adolescent grows in height? And what causes these events to occur?

A

interstitial, in epiphyseal plate of long bones of the skeleton.

52
Q

in what direction does the epiphyseal plate grow?

A

New cells move upwards, pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis.

53
Q

What effect does appositional growth have on a long bone?

A

bone widens naturally as it lengthens due to stress of getting bigger.

54
Q

What do the lysosomal enzymes dissolve when the bone is being resorbed?

A

matrix

55
Q

Compare and contrast calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

A

PTH secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and stimulates osteoclasts. Calcitonin is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels which inhibit osteoclasts.

56
Q

How is calcitriol made and what is it converted into?

A

derived from a steroid and converted into vitamin D by sunlight.

57
Q

What hormones cause osteoblasts to deposit more bone matrix?

A

testosterone, estrogen, growth, and thyroid.

58
Q

Describe the 3 classification of a bone fracture.

A

position: displaced (out of alignment) nondisplaced (in alignment). completeness: complete (all the way through) incomplete (partial or hairline fracture). skin penetration: compound/open (out of the skin) simple/closed (stays within the skin).

59
Q

What is the main reason why osteoporosis is most common in elderly women?

A

estrogen levels drop at menopause, causing less osteoblast activity which result in weak bones.

60
Q

What are some factors in delaying osteoporosis?

A

weight bearing exercise, intake of calcium, healthy diet, fewer carbonated drinks.

61
Q

What is it called when children have a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets

62
Q

What vitamins and minerals are needed for normal bone formation and growth?

A

calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and proteins.

63
Q

What hormone is most important for bone growth as an adolescent? What does excess or deficiency cause?

A

growth hormone from pituitary gland, excess (gigantism), deficiency (dwarfism) in adults excess is acromegaly nothing for deficiency.

64
Q

What are the functions of thyroid hormones on the skeletal system? Calcitriol?

A

thyroid hormones regulate cellular metabolism and growth hormone. Calcitriol stimulates intestines to absorb more calcium.

65
Q

What does Wolf’s law state?

A

bones are going to grow and remodel based on the stress that is put on them.

66
Q

What are the stages of healing a bone fracture?

A

hematoma formation: (blood vessels that causes swelling and inflammation) fibrocartilage callus formation: (cartilage model made of new vessels) bony callus formation: (replacing fibrocartilages) bone remodeling occurs.

anatomy 2401 (12 decks)

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