introduction to anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
study of the structure of the body
What is gross anatomy?
structures visible to naked eye
What is regional anatomy?
all structures in a particular body region (thoracic or pelvic)
What is systemic anatomy?
all structures within a body system (skeletal or endocrine)
What is surface anatomy?
internal structures that are studied through via palpation (bones, veins, muscles)
What is microscopic anatomy?
structures that can only be seen with the use of a microscope
What is cytology?
study of cells
What is histology?
study of tissues
What is developmental anatomy?
changes in anatomical structure over the life span of human life, from zygote to old age
What is embryology?
study of developing embryo
What is physiology?
study of the function of the body, with emphasis at the cellular/molecular level (chemistry)
What are the levels of organization?
atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
What is an atom?
smallest unit; everything is comprised of atoms
What is a molecule?
stable groups of atoms, small molecules: monomers and larger molecules: polymers; four important organic polymers: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is an organelle?
“Little organ”; groups of molecules
What is a cell?
composed of organelles, smallest unit of life
What is a tissue?
groups of cells
What is an organ?
groups of tissues
What is an organ system?
groups of organs that work together, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
What is an organism?
groups of organ systems
What are the characteristics of life?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, respiration, excretion, movement, secretion, reproduction, irritability, egestion
What is ingestion?
a supply of food to make energy
What is digestion?
break large molecules into smaller molecules
What is absorption?
molecules being transported through cell membranes
What is assimilation?
make larger molecules from smaller molecules
What is respiration?
the release of chemical energy (atp) from molecules
What is excretion?
getting rid of waste products created by metabolic activities
What is movement?
releases energy and allows for manipulation
What is secretion?
production of hormones, vitamins, saliva, etc, they are not waste products
What is reproduction?
necessary for continuation of a species, but not for an individual
What is irritability?
ability to be aware of and react to internal/external stimuli
What is egestion?
ability to emit undigestible materials from a cell
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain constant internal conditions
What is a sensory receptor?
senses stimulus; sight, touch, hearing
What is control center?
processes appropriate response, consists of spinal cord and brain
What is an effector?
response to stimulus, via feedback systems that turn body processes on/off
What is a negative feedback system?
most common system, output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus when levels reach an “ideal” value (think of gas pump shutting off)
What is a positive feedback system?
the initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are amplified
