cells Flashcards
What is cell theory?
basic unit of life, cells come from preexisting cells, all living things are made of cells, cells live independently (via organelles), but require others to function.
How many types of cells are there?
250
What do each cell contain?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
What are the cell shapes?
squamous (flat and thin), stellate (star like), cuboidal (cube like), columnar (column), fusiform (flat with wide middle), fibrous (long and skinny).
What is a double phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
What does the integral proteins do?
span the membrane for transport, communication, and enzymes.
What does the peripheral proteins do?
sit on the surface of membrane for movement, enzymes, and communication.
What is glycocalyx?
identification tag (dna).
What are the characteristics of passive transport?
no energy required, substances move along concentration gradient, and move from high to low concentration.
Simple Diffusion
small particles moving easily through membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
need help to pass through membrane (large particles).
Osmosis
solvent movement through membrane (usually water).
Active Transport
movement against the concentration gradient; requires energy.
Primary Active Transport
direct transport of solute.
Sodium/Potassium Pump
pumps 3 Na+ 2 K+ in and “atp” becomes “adp”
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, obtained by cellular respiration which breaks down glucose.
Secondary Active
solutes indirectly transported.
Cotransport
moving 2 solutes simultaneously.
Symport
same direction.
Antiport
opposite.
tonicity
measure of solute concentration.
Hypertonic
high concentration of solutes and causes cells to shrink (crenation).
Hypotonic
low concentration of solutes and causes cell to burst (cytolysis).
Isotonic
equal concentration.
Physiological saline
0.9%
Hemolysis
swelling of red blood cells until burst (RBC’s)
Electrically Exitane Cells
muscle and nervous cells with higher Na+ extracellulary and higher K+ intracellulary.
EEC
allows for electrical signals to move through body (communication) substance movement.
Vesicle
transport pouch
Endocytosis
brings contents into cells.
Phagocytosis
cellular eating (breaking down).
Pinocytosis
cellular drinking
Exocytosis
expels contents from cells cell membrane extensions.
Cilia
little hairs, usually for movement.
Flagellum
large “tail”
Microvilli
small finger like extensions to increase surface area.
Extracellular
outside of cell
interstitial
fluid that surrounds cells.
Blood Plasma
fluid of the blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid
fluids surrounding brain and spinal cord
Secretions
mucus, saliva, etc
Cytoplasm
everything between cell membrane and nucleus.
Cytosol
gel-like fluid w/ proteins, salts, etc.
organelles
subcellular structure
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration to produce atp.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
membranes continuous with nucleus membrane, involves transport of some sort.
Rough ER
contains ribosome, which synthesizes proteins and makes new cell membrane.
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes, produce lipids, proteins, carbs, hormones, modify toxins, and stores Ca 2+ (Calcium).
Golgi Apparatus
packages, sorts, and modifies products for transport (via a vesicle).
Cytosomes
breaks down intercellular debris (aka “suicide sacs”).
Peroxisomes
break down toxic substances concentrated in liver or kidneys.
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, fixed are attached to rough er, free are within cytoplasm.
Centrioles
involved in cell division.
Cytoskeleton
frame work of cell, helps maintain shape.
Microtubules
rigidity
Microfilaments
flexibility
Intremediate
anchors structure
Nucleus
largest organelle, controls cell function and dna contained.
Anucleate
without nucleus
Multinucleate
multiple nuclei
Nuclear Membrane
encloses nucleus
Nucleoplasm
fluid inside nucleus.
Chromatin
genetic material.
nucleoli
“little nucleus”, ribosomes produced.
