Lecture 9 - Writing Development Flashcards
Are children learning to read and write before attending school?
Yes
Children’s intrinsic ______ and ______ toward writing changes over time.
Interest
Motivation
Writing is typically judged by _______.
Product
When treating writing, what is there a need to look at?
2
Writing processes
Underlying foundations of writing
What sort of writing do children do between 1-5 years, according to Case-Smith?
(3)
Copies “X”, squares, + triangles
Draws “+” and “O”
Imitates “-“ and “ | “
What sort of writing do children do between 4-10 years, according to Case-Smith?
(2)
Letter writing
Name writing
What sort of writing do children do between 6-15 years, according to Case-Smith?
(2)
Writing words
Writing sentences
What is the Framework of Writing?
4
Transcription (spelling + writing)
Planning what to write
Revision writing
Types of writing
What do children have trouble with in the beginning?
Transcription (spelling and writing words accurately)
Young children’s processes are _______ and include difficulty with _______ and ______.
Sequential
Planning
Revisions
What writing product is typically looked at with young children?
Narratives
What elements are contained in Written Language?
6
Content
Syntax
Organization
Genre (Discourse)
Cohesion
Knowledge of word/sentence paragraph boundaries
What elements are contained in Writing?
7
Fine motor coordination
Letter formation
Spatial organization
Size/letter relationships
Pencil grip
Ability to copy from near/far
Expressive modality (Keyboarding/ Act of writing)
What is PreWriting?
1+5
Experience with letters and words during…
- Shared reading activities
- Print at home
- Print at school
- Print in immediate environment
- Availability of writing instruments (e.g., crayons, pencils, markers) and writing surfaces.
What do written spelling skills (i.e., print and cursive) develop alongside?
(2)
Decoding stages
Oral spelling stages.
Berlinger et al. (2002) reported decoding exerted a consistently significant direct influence on _______ and ______ in typically developing writers from 1-6 grade.
Therefore, the ability to correctly decode words may facilitate __________ which strengthens the probability that children will learn to represent letter forms correctly in ______.
Handwriting
Spelling
//
Correct spelling
Memory
The ability to efficiently decode words helps develop __________ from memory during reading and spelling activities.
Routines for the automatic retrieval
Motor development and written language development data includes age ranges paired with ________.
Written skills
What is Early Writing Development (1-3) characterized by?
Imitating/writing/drawing of vertical (|) and horizontal (-) lines
What happens to writing around 3-4 years of age?
Initial lines develop into independently drawn circles (O) and intersecting lines (+)
What happens in writing between 4-6 years of age?
Basic lines and shapes (X,Δ, □) become actual letters, such as capital “X” and “A”
Children have been observed to progress from writing/scribbling swirls to writing ___________.
One letter to represent a word, sentence, or phrase
Children may begin to use symbols (letters) without having any __________. and may not know or be able to identify __________ in the alphabet or the conventions of writing ___________.
Letter-sound correspondences
All of the letters
Left to right
What do children enrolled in daycare or school learn to do earlier than unenrolled children?
(4)
Form shapes
Letters
Numbers
Writing their names
Most children who have experience with print in their homes will begin to experiment with ____________.
Writing without focused instruction
What might children from high print homes (access to books, joint book reading) may go through sooner than children with little experience with print?
Logographic reading stage
___% of the U.S. are left handed and ___% are right-handed.
10%.
90%
What do we also need to note about children’s writing to know if they need an OT referral?
(1+2)
How they write during evaluation
- Letter size
- Body positioning
What are children asked to write in Early School Writing?
3
What they are thinking
Write in their own fashion their own way
Copy teacher’s writing
Do writing and drawing have the same arm /hand movement patterns?
No
What are children in classes K-1st grade taught to do?
3
Talk
Draw
Write stories
In early school writing, children use their ___________ as characters in fictional playdate stories.
Friends and family
To become a conventional writer, what must the child understand?
(5)
Sound symbol relationships
Words as stable, memorable units
Text as a stable, memorable object
Spelling and basic sentence grammar
Adult models
What are Early Writing Types (1st grade)?
2
Chronological
Nonchronological
What is Chronological Writing focused on?
2
Actions
Events
What is the basis of subjects in Chronological Writing?
2
Subject based on child’s experiences (fast or future)
Subject based on child’s imaginative
What kinds of Syntax are seen in Chronological Writing?
3
Action verbs
Temporal connective (first, then)
Temporal adverbs (yesterday, tomorrow)
What is Non-Chronological Writing focused on?
Objects
What is the basis of subjects in Non-Chronological Writing?
2
Picture descriptions
Interactive text with dialogue
What kinds of Syntax are seen in Non-Chronological Writing?
2
Verbs attrition (are, have)
Verb attitude (like, want) in present tense
What do children who are reading learn?
3
Once upon a time…
And they lived happily ever after
Dialogue and quotes from familiar stories
What is considered to be the highest level of literary style?
The ability to speak in a literate style while writing in a spoken style
What kinds of Genre-Specific Text is learned at age 9+?
2
Expository (informational)
Persuasive (argument) genres
What is Cognitive Space taken up by prior to age 9?
2
Spelling
Handwriting development
What makes Topic Knowledge different and more advance after 9+?
Because they have to write about it
What three things may the writing process result in?
New knowledge
A new way of learning, communicating
Discovery of new information
What is contained in the Macrostructure of Writing?
2
Genre Development
Proficiency of writing
What is contained in Genre Development?
3
Narrative (story telling)
Expository (informational)
Persuasive (argument)
What is Narrative?
Story telling
What is Expository Writing?
Informational
What is Persuasive Writing?
Argument
How do we measure Proficiency of Writing?
4
Overall text length
Cohesion markers - type and frequency
Connection between sentences - local and remote
Analyses of text structure
As children age, they write longer _______ and use more ______ (Scott, 1994).
Narratives
Cohesion
What are the components of Stories/Narrative Text?
5
Structures
Beginning - Middle - End
Plot/Events
Characters
Setting
What is contained in SCIENTIFIC Expository Text?
4
Listings
Cause/Effect
Compare/Contrast
Dates
What is contained in SOCIAL STUDIES Expository Text?
4
Problems/Solutions
Compare/Contrast
Time ordering
When does Cohesion between sentences in paragraphs develop?
What is required for this to happen?
Over time from 2nd to 12th grade
Support and instruction
By 7 yrs old, children are capable of telling stories with the elements (e.g., setting, initiating event, characters, etc.); however, writing them takes ___________, since __________ require cognitive resources.
Longer to develop
Print and spelling
By 5th grade, children are capable of writing ____________ narratives.
Cohesive multi-episode
Children with LLD write shorter _______ with more _______.
Narratives
Grammatical errors
What does Expository Text Development require?
4
Learning new vocabulary and new concepts
Using logically based relations
Learning different Macrostructures
Increasing syntactical complexity and figurative meaning
What Logically Based Relations are learned during Expository Text Development?
(3)
Condition
Purpose
Contrast
What Macrostructures are learned during Expository Text Development?
(4)
Compare/contrast
Description
Problem/solution
Causation
What is Persuasive Writing?
Writing providing information to change someone’s mind
What elements are included in Argumentative Text?
3
Supporting Process
Negotiation Process
Negotiation Markers
What is the Supporting Process?
Referring to the reasons for the claim
What is the Negotiation Process?
Convincing the reader to accept the reasons
What are the four Negotiation Markers?
Counter arguments
Obligation and Judgment
Degree of certainty
Writer Endorsement and Accountability
What words are used in Counter Arguments?
3
Even
If
However
What words are used in Obligation and Judgment?
2
One should
It’s good
What words are used in Degree of certainty?
2
Maybe
Surely
What words are used in Writer Endorsement and Accountability?
In my opinion
When do more negotiation markers occur?
Between 10-16 yrs of age
There are _________ in the writing of children that develop with age and practice.
Syntactic changes
What increases in microstructure development of sentence grammar as children get older (mid-elementary to high school)?
(3)
Relative clauses
Expanded noun phrases
Nonfinite adverbial clauses
What are Relative Clauses?
I found what (that which; the thing that) you were looking for
What are Expanded Noun Phrases?
“The tall girl walked down the street”
What are Nonfinite Adverbial Clauses?
“Looking out the window, they could see trouble”
What are Kroll’s four Writing Phases?
Preparation
Consolidation
Differentiation
Integration
What is Kroll’s Stage of Preparation?
4
Use of short sentences
Presence of grammatical errors
Words may be omitted
Spelling/punctuation errors
What is Kroll’s Stage of Consolidation?
Writing closely resembles speech (spoken language)
What is Kroll’s Stage of Differentiation? (4)
When does it occur?
Written grammar emerges
Fewer sentence with “and”
More passive verbs
Adverbial phrases move to beginning of the sentence
//
Age 9-10 yrs.
What is Kroll’s Stage of Integration?
2
Writers switch between oral and written forms
Adapt writing depending on the topic/subject needs
At what age are Writing Disorders usually referred?
5-19
Which gender is referred more often for writing disorders?
Boys (2:1)
What are the four requirements of a written language disorder in the DSM-IV-TR
Poor handwriting (grammar or punctuation)
Poor paragraph organization
Multiple spelling errors
Poor handwriting
How many 8th graders were non proficient in writing in 2007?
12th graders?
67%
76%
