Lecture 2 - Language Learning Disorders Flashcards
What are the two types of Perceptual Analysis?
Auditory (Hearing sounds)
Visual (Seeing letters and words)
Children with Auditory or Vision deficits may also have _____ and _____ language deficits too.
Spoken
Written
What is Phonetic Discrimination?
Ability to hear difference between two sounds that differ acoustically and phonetically
(T in tap and t in bat – differ phonetically, but don’t change meaning (allophones)
T and k differ phonetically and do change meaning)
What is Detection?
Ability to perceive the signal
What is Discrimination in Reading?
Ability to see visual differences between letters
E.g., /b/ vs /d/
What is a Visual Discrimination Problem?
What will this negatively impact? (2)
If can’t tell differences between letters
Decoding and writing
What is Identification?
Knowledge of the correspondence between letters and phonemes
A child who reads words wrong may have an ______ problem or a ______ problem.
This means we need to assess both _____ and _____.
Identification
Discrimination
Discrimination
Identification
What are the 3 types of Word Recognition?
Phonological Representation
Word Meaning
Visual Representation
What do we need to understand Sentences?
Text Processing
What is Comprehension?
Understanding what is being said and read
Words that are seen or heard must be associated with stored concepts in the __________.
Mental Lexicon (vocabulary)
Content of Mental Lexicon is same for _____ and _____.
Reading
Spoken language
What is contained in one’s mental lexicon?
4
Visual form
Phonological Information
Semantic Information (word meaning and relation to other words)
Syntactic information (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)
What happens when we process speech?
What happens as children age?
The phonological representation is directly linked to semantic meaning
They become more sensitive to native language sounds
What are the two paths we use to understand written words?
What is the other path?
Directly
Indirectly
Dual Route Model
What type of stimulus is used in the Direct path for reading?
What is it in a nutshell?
Visual representation
Look and say – whole word processing for sight words/familiar words
What is the Direct Model for reading?
6 + 1
Visual Input ->
Visual Analysis ->
**Visual/Lexical Decoding
**Word Meaning
Sentence/Text Processing ->
Text Meaning
**May be skipped using Sound-Symbol Associations
What type of stimulus is used in the Indirect Model for reading?
What is it in a nutshell?
Phonological representation
Decode words sound by sound, then blend together – takes longer
What is required to use the Indirect Model for reading?
2
Attention to letter sequences in words
Must have knowledge that words have discrete phonemic segments (Liberman, 1983
What is the Indirect Model for reading?
6
Auditory Input ->
Auditory Analysis ->
Phonological decoding ->
Word Meaning
Sentence/Text Processing ->
Text Meaning
What is the Dual Route Model for reading?
We use both the visual/lexical, and phonological routes for word recognition
What is Discourse Level Processing?
1 + 4
Processing…
- Sentences
- Conversations
- Lectures
- Stories
What are the different types of Structural Knowledge?
4
Word Order – Subject + Verb + Object – statements
Questions – Verb + Subject?
Grammatical Morphemes – adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns
Function Words – conjunctions, pronouns, and models
What happens when you have a deficit in Structural Knowledge?
(1 + 4)
Trouble with…
- Sentence formation
- Following directions
- Answering questions
- Etc.
What is a Proposition?
An Idea-unit that has a predicate (verb) and related arguments
(E.g., give – someone giving, object given, recipient of object)
What can deficits in Propositions impact?
4
Composition of sentences
Understanding the meaning of sentences
Sentence structure
Understanding or sequences of information
What are the types of World Knowledge?
4
Situation Model Representations
Specific Content Domains
Procedural Knowledge
Interpersonal Knowledge
What are Situation Model Representations?
Individual’s knowledge of the world aids in comprehension
What are Specific Content Domains?
Academic subjects (science, social studies, and math)
What is Procedural Knowledge?
Script like knowledge of familiar events (e.g., tying shoes, driving a car, etc.)
What is Interpersonal Knowledge?
2
Knowledge of feelings, attitudes, and human needs
Pragmatics
What are Discourse Processing Models?
3
Relating construct representations to each other
Making inferences about the meaning of information based on prior knowledge
Deciding which information should be remembered and/or discarded based on prior knowledge or type of information
Kintsch (1998) reader has a goal to read, and uses __________ to comprehend information.
Previous experiences and knowledge
What do children use to construct meaning?
3
Schema
Familiar events
Discourse
What is a Schema?
2
Structure in memory for general arrangement of information
Familiar Events
What are Familiar Events?
1 + 5
Scripts that occur and may include…
- Main event
- Participant
- Goals
- Position of each action
- Additional information
What is included in Discourse?
2
Stories
Story Grammars
What are Stories?
1 + 4
Mental framework for…
- Setting
- Goal
- Obstacle
- Resolution
What are Story Grammars?
2
Hierarchical relations among components
Structural organization
What is Structural Organization in stories?
2
Setting
Episode
What do Settings do in stories?
2
Introduce characters
Introduce context
What are Episodes in stories?
5
Initiating event
Internal response
Attempt
Consequence
Reaction
What are we doing when we Understand Discourse and Text?
5
Managing working memory
Generating Inferences
Constructing Coherent Representations
Using a complex dynamic system
Using metacognitive Ability
What do you need for Metacognitive Ability?
Basic processes to encode, store, and retrieve information in longterm memory
Metacognitive ability is need both for ___________ and for ____________.
Phonological awareness is needed only for ______, not ______.
Learning to read
Reading to learn
Reading
Speaking
What do you need explicit knowledge in to Learn to Read?
3
Phonological aspects of speech
Letter sound knowledge (word-letter-sound knowledge)
Need to LEARN LETTERS
Reading is less than _____ years old.
5,000
In 2008, there were _______ illiterate adults (UNESCO, 2010) .
796 million
Reading is dependent on _____ and ______ (p15).
Learning
Importance placed on reading
What are we processing when listening to Spoken Language?
Analysis of utterances into smaller phonological units
Analysis of speech stream is performed by ____________ processes.(Lieberman, 1973)
Lower level auditory perceptual
What will improve spoken language in children?
Being raised to verbally communicate
What are the characteristics of Spoken Language?
7
Physical
Situational
Functional
Form
Vocabulary
Grammatical
Processing
What are the Physical characteristics of Spoken Language?
How long do they last?
Temporal ordered sounds
Have short duration
What are the Situational characteristics of Spoken Language?
5
Face-to-face
Questions
Answers
Time pressures
Nonverbal expressions
What are the Functional characteristics of Spoken Language?
3
Label objects
Tell stories
Informational
What are the Form characteristics of Spoken Language?
4
Pitch
Voice quality
Manner
Prosody
What are Vocabulary characteristics of Spoken Language?
4
Limited number of words
Speakers have shared concepts
References for pronouns (he, she)
Current expressions (slang)
What are the Grammatical characteristics of Spoken Language?
(3)
Low in density and high in redundancy
Can repeat words
Can refine expressions
What are the Processing characteristics of Spoken Language?
The higher level context information needed
What are the characteristics of Written Language?
7
Physical
Situational
Functional
Form
Vocabulary
Grammatical
Processing
What are the Physical Characteristics of Written Language?
5
Written - can be read and reread
Reader controls speed of reading
Difference in fonts
Difference between lower case uppercase
Provides clues
What are the Situational Characteristics of Written Language?
(3)
Writer does not get immediate feedback
Can correct and revise at leisure
Need more precision and distinct word usage
What are the Functional Characteristics of Written Language?
4
Keep accurate records
History
Building ideas
Email and texting (quick communication)
What are the Form Characteristics of Written Language?
2
Letters on paper, screen, etc.
Punctuation is important for interpretation (Statement vs. question)
What are the Vocabulary Characteristics of Written Language?
2
Dense and precise
Clear and unambiguous
What are the Grammatical Characteristics of Written Language?
(2)
Lexically dense
Low in redundancy
What are the Processing Characteristics of Written Language?
(2)
May skip short words
Can skim
There are reciprocal and important relationships between ______ language, ______, and ______ language
Oral/Spoken
Reading
Written
What are children with deficits in Oral Language, Reading and Written Language classified as?
Language and Learning Disabled
need all three for diagnosis
SLPs are responsible for having foundational knowledge of the processes of _____ language, ______, and ______ language.
Oral/Spoken
Reading
Written
What might create problems with comprehension?
4
Multiple meaning words
Idioms
Creative language
Slang
