Lecture 3 - Theories of Literacy Flashcards
When does Literacy and Learning to read begin?
Before formal reading instruction in school
When is the Emergent Literacy Period?
Period before children go to school
What does Literacy Knowledge depend on?
Exposure to books
What is a Low Print Environment?
(3)
Little exposure to books
Few books
Very little literacy knowledge
What is a High Print Environment?
(4)
Large vocabulary
Many books
Environmental print available
Some decoding skills
What are Literacy Artifacts?
(5)
Alphabet blocks
Books
Slogans
Writing paper
Crayons
What is Joint Book Reading?
Parents/caregivers read to/with the child
When is a good time to start Joint Book Reading?
Why?
5-6 months (some begin before or after birth)
Can sit up and focus attention on books
What do children learn to do through Joint Book Reading before talking begins?
Learn to turn pages
Books are ______, label ______(3)_____ related to book and child’s life.
Rhythmic
Pictures, actions, events
What is the Focus of Joint Book Reading?
Meaning and comprehension (What does the child understand?)
Do parents ask children more questions (2-3 yrs old) when Joint Book Reading?
Yes
What questions can be asked during Joint Book Reading?
(3)
What explanations (What happened?)
Reason explanations (Why did it happen?)
Affective explanations (Feelings about what happened)
What do children learn about questions in Joint Book Reading?
(2)
How to answer questions about text
How to ask questions about text
What do children learn from adults’ answers provide during Joint Book Reading?
(2)
Conceptual knowledge
Reasoning skills
What else do children learn from book reading?
(3)
Letter names
Letter shapes
Letter sounds
What is the Alphabetic Principle?
Words consist of discrete sounds that are represented by letters in print.
What are the keys to reading?
(2)
Motivation
Interest
What is one of the first songs learned?
Alphabet Song
What do children learn after mastering letter names?
Letter shapes
What can be used to practice letter knowledge?
(2)
Magnetic letters
Keyboards
What two skills are important for reading?
Letter recognition accuracy
Letter recognition speed
Children who have letter recognition will have easier time learning _________ and _________.
Letter sounds
Spelling
What does learning sound-letter (phoneme-grapheme) correspondences depends on?
Letter knowledge
What will poor letter recognition affect?
(3)
Decoding
Comprehension
Frustration level
What do Rhyming Activities reflect?
(2)
Awareness of syllabic units
Onset –rimes (e.g., h – at, c-at)
What is Chall’s Stage 0? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Pre literacy
Pre-Reading
Preschool
Birth-6 years
What is being learned in Chall’s Stage 0? (1+4)
Pre-reading/Literacy Socialization
Conventions of print
Read left-to-right
Words relate to sound
Graphemic symbols
What is Chall’s Stage 1? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Initial Reading Decoding
Decoding
Preschool-Elementary School
6-7 years
What is being learned in Chall’s Stage 1?
(1+5)
Decoding stage
Alphabet
Words are made of letters
Letters represent sounds (phonemic awareness)
Sight words
Phonological awareness
What is Chall’s Stage 2? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Confirmation of Fluency
Fluent Reading
Elementary School (2nd-3rd grade)
8-9 years
What is being learned in Chall’s Stage 2?
(1+3)
Confirmation of Fluency
Decoding fluency
Increasing reading rate
Using both phonological and sight word decoding
What is Chall’s Stage 3? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Learning New Information
Fluent Reading
Elementary School-Middle School
9-13 years
What is being happening in Chall’s Stage 3?
(1+4)
Learning New Information from Reading
Comprehension becomes predominant
Fluency decreases (due to new words)
Reading to learn using underlying processes of decoding and semantic knowledge
Flexible use of both phonological and visual-lexical decoding
What is Chall’s Stage 4? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Multiple Perspectives
Fluent Reading
High School
14-17 years
What is being learned in Chall’s Stage 4?
(1+2)
Multiple Perspectives
Using figurative language
Words have multiple meanings
What is Chall’s Stage 5? (2)
When does it occur? (2)
Construction + Reconstruction
Fluent Reading
High School-College
18+ years
What is being learned in Chall’s Stage 5?
(1+2)
Construction and Reconstruction
Reading for leisure
Paying attention to characters, emotions, underlying themes
What is Firth’s Logographic Stage?
Pre-Reading
What is the Logographic Stage?
(2)
Children construct association between unanalyzed spoken words and printed words.
Children recognize familiar logos (Sports teams, brand names, etc.)
Do all children require logographic to be taught?
Who may it help?
No
May help for children with ASD and/or limited English
What is Firth’s Alphabetic Stage?
Decoding
What is Firth’s Orthographic Stage?
Fluent Reading
What is Ehri’s Pre-Alphabetic Stage?
Pre-Reading
What is Ehri’s Partial Alphabetic Stage?
Early Reading
What is Ehri’s Full Alphabetic Stage?
Decoding
What is happning in Ehris’s Alphabetic Stages?
Children use sound-letter correspondences to decode novel words
What is Ehri’s Consolidated Alphabetic Stage?
Fluent Reading
What is Ehri’s Automaticity Stage?
Fluent Reading
Why is it important for all readers to progress from the foundational stages (0 to 2) to higher levels of reading development?
In order for reading comprehension to take place
Children must learn that the sounds that make up spoken language are in ________.
Printed words
Allophones affect ________ and ________.
Reading development
Spelling development
There are ______ spelling for _____ English sounds.
251
44
What is the Orthographic Stage/Automatic Sight Word Recognition?
(2)
Using of letter sequences and spelling patterns to recognize words by sight
Phonological decoding not used
What pathway is used during the Orthographic Stage/Automatic Sight Word Recognition?
What is critical for sight word recognition?
Visual/Lexical Route
Accessing semantic memory/word meaning
How does Othrographic/Sight Word knowledge grow?
As children see and store letter sequences
What are some Morphemes Sequences (final) needed for Sight Reading?
(6)
- ing
- est
- ed
- ity
- ment
- tain
What are some Word Families needed for Sight Reading? (7)
- at
- ake
- ight
- ay
- ip
- ore
- ell
What is the Self-Teaching Hypothesis?
(3)
An alternative to stage theories
Phonological decoding functions as a self-teaching mechanism
Helps to acquire detailed orthographic representations needed for decoding and spelling.
Self-Teaching for Reading is _____, is an ______ skill, and exhibts _____________.
Item-based
Early onset
Progressive lexicalization of word recognition
An ________ relationship exists between ______ and ______ orthographic components in the self-teaching process
Asymmetrical
Primary
Secondary
Self-teaching is evident in __________.
Word recognition
What is needed before Self-Teaching can begin?
(4)
Some sound-letter knowledge
Phonological awareness
Vocabulary knowledge
Ability to use contextual information to decode words when partially decoded
What is Lexicalization? (2)
When is this evident?
Children learn sound-letter correspondences and patterns
It becomes committed to memory through print exposure and practice
When children recognize the beginning of words and guess at their ending
What is the primary self-teaching mechanism for the acquisition of fluent word recognition?
What are the secondary/‘parasitic’ mechanisms?
Phonological skills
Visual/orthographic factors
What does Phonological Decoding force the child to pay attention to?
(3)
All of the letters in words
Common letter sequence recognition
Other patterns
What does Phonological Decoding force the child to learn?
(3)
Blending sounds
Decoding onset-rime (e.g., f-ight)
Learning morphemes – prefixes (un-) and suffixes (-ment
________ is a powerful self-teaching tool
Spelling
When spelling, what do children need to recall?
(4)
Letter formation
Letter-sound correspondence
Relationship between spoken and written language
Orthographic/spelling patterns
Sight words are learned and recalled with greater proficiency with practiced ______ and ______.
Writing
Decoding
When does a child begin to imitate writing?
1-5 years
When does a child begin to draw “+” and “O”?
1-5 years
When does a child begin to copy “X”, “△”, and “☐”?
2-5 years
When does a child begin to demonstrate letter and name writing?
4-8 years
When does a child begin to demonstrate writing words and sentences?
7-12 years
What is Precommunicative Spelling? (2)
When does it begin?
The child uses letters but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences.
May also lack knowledge of upper/lower-case letters, and left-to-right reading. (e.g. “M” -> “Jessica”)
1-8 years
What is Semiphonetic Spelling? (2)
When does it begin?
The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence
Often employs rudimentary logic like using single letters to represent words, sounds, and syllables. (e.g., U -> you)
2-8 years
What is Phonetic Spelling? (2)
When does it begin?
A letter or group of letters is used to represent every unique speech sound that are heard in a word.
Some choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, but are easily understood. (e.g. “TAK -> “take”; “EN” -> “in”)
6-11 years
What is Morphemic Spelling? (2)
When does it begin?
Knowledge of the meaning of a word influences its spelling.
Spelling strategies may use Greek and Latin roots; prefixes and suffixes; compound words; and abbreviations.
8-16 years
Who tends to treat disorders in handwriting?
OTs
What do you need to construct meaning of sentences and texts?
(6)
Basic topic knowledge
Key vocabulary
Syntactic form/text structure knowledge
Attention
Interest
Basic reasoning skills
At which of Chall’s stages do children become unglued from print?
What do they transition to? (2)
Stage 2
More fact-based information (e.g., science, social studies)
Reading to learn (3-4th grade)
Where does reading comprehension begin?
What does it require in order for it to develop?
Print exposure
Information
Where can comprehension be learned?
(3)
Joint reading
Silent reading
Exposure to different kinds of texts
What is one of the best predictors of reading comprehension?
(2)
Familiarity with content knowledge domains
Ability to extract meaning from text (may or may not generalize across content areas)
Comprehension is not a ______ skill .
What skills does it require? (5)
Unitary
Decoding
Attention
Memory
Prior knowledge
Motivation
What are qualities of Good Comprehenders?
(5)
Use what they know
Self-question what they don’t know + want to know + need to know
Integrate information across texts
Monitor their reading
Respond thoughtfully to what they are reading
