Lecture 5 - Dyslexia Flashcards
What are the three main phonological code Deficits seen in Dyslexia?
Storing phonological codes in memory
Retrieving phonological codes in memory
Using phonological codes in memory
Children with Dyslexia have deficits in ______ awareness and ______ production. They also have problems learning to _____ and ______ printed words.
Phonological
Speech
Decode
Spell
What Later Deficits are often seen in Dyslexia?
2
Reading comprehension
Written language.
Children needs _______ to print, _______ in how print works, and opportunities to _______ (Adams, 1990).
Exposure
Explicit instruction
Practice reading
Joint book reading provides _______. It accounts for ___% of variance in reading outcomes.
Experiences with print
8%
What happens to children who have less exposure to print?
Higher risk of reading difficulties
Response to Intervention (RTI) is supposed to rule out ______ as a cause of RD.
Lack of instruction
Does Intensity of Instruction make a difference in RD?
Yes
What is the basic need for reading?
Letter identification
What is the Matthew Effect?
1+4
Children who are poor readers have …
- Fewer opportunities for practice
- Less desire to read
- Lower expectations from teachers
- No motivation to succeed (Stanovich, 1986)
[From the verse: “For to everyone who has, more shall be given, and he will have an abundance; but from the one who does not have, even what he does have shall be taken away (Matthew 25:29)]
What will happen when teachers have low expectations?
Students will not feel motivated to succeed
Is there a Genetic Basis for reading disorders?
Yes
If one Sibling has a Reading Disorder, then there is a __% chance that another sibling has a RD.
40%
If one Identical Twin has a Reading Disorder, then there is a __% chance that the other twins has a RD.
68%
If one Fraternal Twin has a Reading Disorder, then there is a __% chance that the other twins has a RD.
40%
What Chromosomes seem to play a role in Reading Disorders?
3
1
6
15
Does handedness increase the risk of Reading Disorders or Dyslexia?
No
What structure in the temporal lobe is involved in language processing?
Planum temporal
What three symptoms are seen in the Planum Temporal in individuals with Reading Disorders and Dyslexia?
Symmetrical with RD + Dyslexia
Is usually larger in Left H.
Have word finding deficits
What other areas are often affecting in individuals with Reading Disorders & Dyslexia?
(3)
Corpus callous
Inferior parietal lobe
Cerebellum
What three Neural Systems are used for Reading?
Dorsal
Ventral
Frontal
Where is the Dorsal Route?
What does it do?
Temporoparietal
Phonological processing and mapping letters-sounds
Where is the Ventral Route?
What does it do?
Occipitotemporal
Processing visual word forms
Where is the Frontal Route?
What does it do?
Inferior frontal gyrus
Effortful phonological processing
What is seen in the Neural Systems in Children with Dyslexia?
(2)
Less activation of dorsal route
More frontal route activation
What Infants are more at risk for dyslexia?
Those who lack of neural response to sound (EEG)
What kinds of Visual Deficits are seen in Children with Dyslexia?
(3)
Reversals
Erratic Eye Movements (also normal)
Transient Processing Deficits
Reversals are part of typical development until age ___. Children can ______ accurately, but not ______ (Vellutino et al, 1973, 75)
7
Copy
Read
___________ movements are needed for reading.
Erratic Eye
Not necessarily a problem. Could show a child is checking what they are reading
What is Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome? (Irlen, 1983)
Does research back it up?
Intervention program with colorful overlays
Not scientifically proven because reading is photooptic
What are Transient Processing Deficits?
3
Sensitivity to global visual features ( if slowed will lead to visual distortions during reading)
Sustained system (looks at fine detail)
Identifying words needs parallel operation of the visual system
Tall (1980) found that deficits in auditory perceptions of rapidly presented non-speech sounds may affect ______. Differences in time ___________ negatively impacts speech perception and may impact perception of reading.
Reading
Between sounds (inter stimulus interval (ISI)
What can significantly help children with Auditory Processing Deficits?
Slowing down your speech
Ramos (2003) found that ___% of kids with ADD/ADHD and specific language impairments (SLI) have auditory deficits.
39%
What did Goswami (2002) find that impacts phonological awareness development?
Lack of sensitivity to syllable-level prosodic information in speech
What age period is important to developing sensitivity in rise time in words/sounds (Corriveau et at, 2010)
4.5 yrs to 5.5 yrs
What is often Comorbid with RD?
Wha is it not causal?
ADHD - 15% (Gilger et al., 1992)
Attention is important to reading, but not a primary cause of RD
Reading is a ________ activity.
Language-based
__________ impact reading.
Language deficits
__________ deficits are found in preschool and Kindergarten children with reading deficits.
Semantic-syntactic
___% of children with language impairments have reading comprehension deficits (>1SD) below mean.
50%
Language impairment deficits in Kindergarten remained in _________ (Catts et al., 2008).
10th grade
What six deficits will Poor Readers exhibit?
Expressive and receptive vocabulary
Production/comprehension of text-level language
Reading deficits – decoding
Phonological awareness
Low scores on oral language tests
Nonphonological aspects of language prior to reading instruction
On Oral language tests, ___% of poor readers had trouble with vocabulary.
(Catts, et al., 1999)
39%
On Oral language tests, ___% of poor readers had trouble with grammar.
(Catts, et al., 1999)
56%
On Oral language tests, ___% of poor readers had trouble with narration.
(Catts, et al., 1999)
44%
What are two Nonphonological Aspects of Language that can affect reading comprehension?
Attention
Executive functions
What is Phonological Awareness?
2
Awareness and sensitivity to sound structure of speech
Ability to attend to, reflect on, and manipulate the speech sounds in words
The fact that words are ___________ is not apparent to most people without practice or instruction in alphabetic orthography.
Composed of individual phonemes
What will be seen if you have not received orthographic instruction?
Difficulty with segmentation and blending
What is Blending?
Combining individuals phonemes
What word am I trying to say? /m/…/æ/…/p/
What is Segmentation - First Sound Isolation?
Isolating first sound in word
What is the first sound in mop? /m/
What is Segmentation - Last Sound Isolation?
Isolating the last sound in word
What is the last sound in mop? /p/
What is Segmentation - Complete?
Isolating all sounds
What are all the sounds you hear in mop? /m/ /o/ /p/
What are two preparatory activities in the early stages of developing Phonological Awareness?
Developing listening habits
Tuning into print
What are two Rhyme Awareness skills needed for Phonological Awareness?
Identifying rhyming words
Producing rhyming words
What are three Phoneme Awareness skills needed for Phonological Awareness?
Identifying the initial sound of a word
Identifying the final sound of a word
Identifying the middle sound of a word
What are three Segmenting skills needed for Phonological Awareness?
Segment sentences into words
Segment words into syllables
Segment words into sounds
What are two Blending skills needed for Phonological Awareness?
Blend syllables into words
Blend sounds into words
What are four Manipulation skills needed for Phonological Awareness?
Delete syllables from words
Substitute syllables in words
Delete sounds from words
Substitute sounds in words
What are two Word Finding Difficulties?
Substitutions
Circumlocutions
What are Substitutions?
Replacing the unfound word with another
i.e., knife for fork
What are Circumlocutions?
2
Talking around the unfound word
Overuse of words lacking specificity (“stuff,” “thing”)
(i.e., ”you know, that thing you eat with”)
What are three ways to assess Phonological Retrieval?
Confrontational Naming
Rapid Automatic Naming
Stoop Test
What is Confrontational Naming?
Why do we do this?
Naming pictures
Children with dyslexia were slower and less accurate on receptive test (e.g., PPVT)
What is Rapid Automatic Naming?
Timed naming of pictured objects, numbers, letters
What is Stroop Test?
Say color of words listed (not the word)
What is a Double Deficit in Phonological Retrieval?
What does this result in?
A combined deficit in poor phonological awareness and rapid naming deficit
Resulting in RD
What specific deficits are seen in Double Deficit in Phonological Retrieval?
(5)
Attention
Perception
Memory
Lexical processes
Articulatory processes
What is Phonological Memory?
The encoding and storage of phonological information in memory
How do we assess Phonological Memory?
What will we see for children with Reading Disorders?
Assessed using memory-span tasks (e.g., letters, numbers)
RD will do worse than nonRD
What are Speech-Sound Memory Codes the most efficient way to hold?
Verbal information in memory (Baddeley, 1986)
Due to Phonological Memory, children with RD will have difficulty with _______ and _______ words.
Rhyming
Non-rhyming
Due to Phonological Memory, children with RD will do worse with ______ and ________ repetition when compared to good readers.
Nonword repetition
Low frequency real words
What does trouble with Phonological Production impact?
3
Ability to name pictures with complex names (e.g., ambulance, thermometer),
Phonologically complex words (e.g., aluminum)
Phonologically complex phrases (brown and blue pants)
Speech planning deficits may contribute to ___________ for people with RD (Apthorp, 1995).
Speech production problems
Children with more severe __________ and broad-based __________ and poorer performance on __________ tasks are at risk for reading disabilities.
Phonological disorders
Language impairments
Phonological awareness
