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258 - physiology > lecture 9: Pentose phosphate pathway, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids > Flashcards

lecture 9: Pentose phosphate pathway, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids Flashcards

1
Q

what is similar between NADPH and NAD

A

They both are reduced which involves transfer of two electrons and 1 H to the nicotinamide

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2
Q

what is different between NADPH and NADH

A

NADPH (product of PPP) is a reductant in ANABOLIC/SYNTHESIS REACTIONS and are found in the cytosol

NADH is an electron acceptor in CATABOLIC reactions and is found in the mitochondria

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3
Q

true or false: the PPP is a branch of glycolysis

A

true

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4
Q

what is H2O2

A

hydrogen peroxide: highly corrosive that can do significant damage to the lipid bilayers
ex: destroy the proteins that makeup complexes and ATP synthase

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5
Q

what anti oxidant fights off h2o2

A

glutathione

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6
Q

what is an important function of PPP in terms of free radicals

A

PPP helps activate glutathione needed to fight off free radicals

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7
Q

explain importance of NADPH to gluthione

A

NADPH is a reductant
It is going to transfer its electrons and hydrogens to glutathione which will then neutralize all of the oxidates in the cell

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8
Q

can NADPH only donate its elections and hydrogens to glutathione

A

no , can also donate it to precursors that will form synthesis (fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis)

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9
Q

is ribose 5 phosphate part of the oxidative or non oxidative portion of the PPP

A

non oxidative (no NADPH)

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10
Q

what are 3 types of free radicals

A

super oxidide (missing an electron)
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical

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11
Q

where are most free radicals made

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

what is the worst free radical

A

oh radical

hydroxyl radical

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13
Q

what is the problem with hydroxyl radical

A

destroys the membranes

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14
Q

what fights against the free radicals

A

anti oxidants

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15
Q

explain how glutathione eliminates free radicals

A

2 glutathiones in the reduced states (got the hydrogens from the NADPH) and combine with h2o2
the enzyme glutathione peroxidase
forms water and an oxidized version of glutathione

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16
Q

what is necrosis

A

breaking down the dna in the cell

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17
Q

what is cell apoptis

A

aging of the cell

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18
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

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19
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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20
Q

where can you find adenine

A

in NAD, FAD, DNA and RNA in ATP

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21
Q

the 5 ribose in the PPP serves as a precursor to make what

A

purines and pyrimidines

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22
Q

where can you find guanine

A

GTP is found in the kreb cycle (also in dna and rna)

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23
Q

what are the nucleotides

A

purines (ATP and GTP)

pyrimidines (TTP, UTP, CTP)

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24
Q

where can you find UTP

A

in glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis)

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25
Q

what is needed to get cholesterol biosynthesis started

A

acetyl coa (from pyruvate to acertyl coa)

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26
Q

true of false: cholesterol biosynthesis does not need PPP

A

false, it utilizes the NADPH produced from the PPP

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27
Q

how many places does NADPH get oxidized in the cholesterol biosynthesis

A

3 places

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28
Q

what is absolutely necessary to build cholesterol (2 things)

A

1) acetyl coa to get started

2) NADPH (from PPP) to give its elections for anabolic reactions

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29
Q

what are the 3 routes for the cholesterol formed

A

bile acids/salts
steroid hormones
vit d

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30
Q

true or false: the fatty acid synthesis does not involve the pentose phosphate pathway

A

false

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31
Q

what is the original precursor of fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyl coa

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32
Q

what is the primer of fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyle coa

33
Q

why is acetyl coa so important intermediate

A

important for glycolysis
important for cholesterol synthesis
important for fatty acid synthesis

34
Q

how many NADPH do we need to build 1 two carbon fatty

A

2 ( from the PPP)

35
Q

where do the NADPH from fatty acid synthesis come from

A

Phosphate pentose pathway

36
Q

true or false: acetyl can only be used for catabolic purposed

A

false, for catabolic and anabolic

37
Q

is fatty acid synthesis an anabolic or catabolic process

A

anabolic

38
Q

what is palmitic acid

A

length carbon chain with a lot of hydrogens that eventually will be useful for the use of ATP

39
Q

what are the 4 components of the lipid family

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol

40
Q

what are fatty acids and try glycerides

A

high density energy sotre

41
Q

is cholesterol a lipid

A

not really a lipid BUT it is lipid soluble and lipid derives

42
Q

what is a major component of membranes

A

phospholipids

43
Q

fatty acids are long …

A

LONG CHAIN CARBONS with a carboxyl group

44
Q

what are the 3 types of bonds of fatty acids

A

saturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

45
Q

what do all fatty acids have in common

A

they call have a carboxyl group

46
Q

what makes the acid part of a fatty acid

A

carboxyl group

47
Q

stearic acid is what type of fat

A

a saturated fat

48
Q

oleic acid is what type of fat

A

monounsaturated

49
Q

linolenic acid is what type of fat

A

polyunsaturated

50
Q

true or false: all carbons, no matter the type of bond, have a hydrogen attached to it?

A

false, when you fet a double bond you lose hydrogens

51
Q

what does it mean to be monounsaturated

A

you have one double bond in the carbon backbone

52
Q

what does it mean to be polyunsaturated

A

more than 1 double bond in the carbon backbone

53
Q

what are the 3 parts of a fatty acid

A

1) methyl group
2) carbon backbone
3) carboxyl group

54
Q

are saturated fats the healthy fats>

A

no , they contribute do cardiovascular diseases

55
Q

what is the healthy type of fat

A

polyunsaturated

56
Q

what are the three types of fatty acid sizes

A

long chain
medium
short

57
Q

what is considered a long chain

A

c12 to c26

58
Q

what is considered a medium chain fatty acid

A

c8 and c10

59
Q

what is considered short chain fatty acids

A

c4 and c6

60
Q

is omega 3 an essential or non essential fatty acid

A

essential

61
Q

what does it mean to be an essential fatty acid?

A

must be taken up by an exogenous source

62
Q

explain omega 3 fatty acid

A

there is an omega end and an alpha end (carboxyl)

1st double found is located on thr 3rd carbon from the omega end

63
Q

what is the omega end of a fatty acid

A

methyl group end

64
Q

what is the alpha end of a fatty acid

A

the end with the carboxyl group

65
Q

which chain has a hard time getting through the mitochondria

A

long chain

66
Q

which chains have an easy time getting through the mitochondria?

A

small and medium

67
Q

true or false: the long chain fatty acids can manoeuver through the lipid bilayer without assistance

A

false, they need assistance

68
Q

true or false: fatty acids are the functional components of lipids

A

false they are the structural component of the lipids EXCEPT cholesterol, bile acids and steroids

69
Q

fatty are naturally occurring….

A

monocarboxylic acids

70
Q

true or false: fatty acids tend to have an even number of carbon

A

trtue

71
Q

what do phospholipids contain (biologically)

A

biologically active substances like prostaglandins, thromboxane and inositol triphosphate

72
Q

true or false: the phospholipids modulate the activities of the hormone systems

A

False, they modulate the activities of membrane enzymes and transporters

73
Q

what is another prominent part of the membrane that is not phospholipids and why

A

cholesterol

tjey control fluidity andf protein function

74
Q

true or false: cholesterol is a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones

A

true

75
Q

what organ makes most of the cholesterol

A

liver

76
Q

what is the formula for steric acid and is it saturated, mono or ply

A

C18, H36, O2

saturates

77
Q

what is the formula for oleic acid and is it saturated ,mono or poly

A

C18, H34 O2

mono unsat.

78
Q

what is the formula for linoleic acid and is it mono, poly or saturated

A

C18 H32 O2

poly

258 - physiology (21 decks)

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