lecture 9: Pentose phosphate pathway, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids

Question 1

what is similar between NADPH and NAD

Answer 1

They both are reduced which involves transfer of two electrons and 1 H to the nicotinamide

Question 2

what is different between NADPH and NADH

Answer 2

NADPH (product of PPP) is a reductant in ANABOLIC/SYNTHESIS REACTIONS and are found in the cytosol

NADH is an electron acceptor in CATABOLIC reactions and is found in the mitochondria

Question 3

true or false: the PPP is a branch of glycolysis

Answer 3

true

Question 4

what is H2O2

Answer 4

hydrogen peroxide: highly corrosive that can do significant damage to the lipid bilayers
ex: destroy the proteins that makeup complexes and ATP synthase

Question 5

what anti oxidant fights off h2o2

Answer 5

glutathione

Question 6

what is an important function of PPP in terms of free radicals

Answer 6

PPP helps activate glutathione needed to fight off free radicals

Question 7

explain importance of NADPH to gluthione

Answer 7

NADPH is a reductant
It is going to transfer its electrons and hydrogens to glutathione which will then neutralize all of the oxidates in the cell

Question 8

can NADPH only donate its elections and hydrogens to glutathione

Answer 8

no , can also donate it to precursors that will form synthesis (fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis)

Question 9

is ribose 5 phosphate part of the oxidative or non oxidative portion of the PPP

Answer 9

non oxidative (no NADPH)

Question 10

what are 3 types of free radicals

Answer 10

super oxidide (missing an electron)
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical

Question 11

where are most free radicals made

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

what is the worst free radical

Answer 12

oh radical

hydroxyl radical

Question 13

what is the problem with hydroxyl radical

Answer 13

destroys the membranes

Question 14

what fights against the free radicals

Answer 14

anti oxidants

Question 15

explain how glutathione eliminates free radicals

Answer 15

2 glutathiones in the reduced states (got the hydrogens from the NADPH) and combine with h2o2
the enzyme glutathione peroxidase
forms water and an oxidized version of glutathione

Question 16

what is necrosis

Answer 16

breaking down the dna in the cell

Question 17

what is cell apoptis

Answer 17

aging of the cell

Question 18

what are the purines

Answer 18

adenine and guanine

Question 19

what are the pyrimidines

Answer 19

cytosine
thymine
uracil

Question 20

where can you find adenine

Answer 20

in NAD, FAD, DNA and RNA in ATP

Question 21

the 5 ribose in the PPP serves as a precursor to make what

Answer 21

purines and pyrimidines

Question 22

where can you find guanine

Answer 22

GTP is found in the kreb cycle (also in dna and rna)

Question 23

what are the nucleotides

Answer 23

purines (ATP and GTP)

pyrimidines (TTP, UTP, CTP)

Question 24

where can you find UTP

Answer 24

in glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis)

Question 25

what is needed to get cholesterol biosynthesis started

Answer 25

acetyl coa (from pyruvate to acertyl coa)

Question 26

true of false: cholesterol biosynthesis does not need PPP

Answer 26

false, it utilizes the NADPH produced from the PPP

Question 27

how many places does NADPH get oxidized in the cholesterol biosynthesis

Answer 27

3 places

Question 28

what is absolutely necessary to build cholesterol (2 things)

Answer 28

1) acetyl coa to get started | 2) NADPH (from PPP) to give its elections for anabolic reactions

Question 29

what are the 3 routes for the cholesterol formed

Answer 29

bile acids/salts steroid hormones vit d

Question 30

true or false: the fatty acid synthesis does not involve the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 30

false

Question 31

what is the original precursor of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 31

acetyl coa

Question 32

what is the primer of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 32

acetyle coa

Question 33

why is acetyl coa so important intermediate

Answer 33

important for glycolysis important for cholesterol synthesis important for fatty acid synthesis

Question 34

how many NADPH do we need to build 1 two carbon fatty

Answer 34

2 ( from the PPP)

Question 35

where do the NADPH from fatty acid synthesis come from

Answer 35

Phosphate pentose pathway

Question 36

true or false: acetyl can only be used for catabolic purposed

Answer 36

false, for catabolic and anabolic

Question 37

is fatty acid synthesis an anabolic or catabolic process

Answer 37

anabolic

Question 38

what is palmitic acid

Answer 38

length carbon chain with a lot of hydrogens that eventually will be useful for the use of ATP

Question 39

what are the 4 components of the lipid family

Answer 39

fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids cholesterol

Question 40

what are fatty acids and try glycerides

Answer 40

high density energy sotre

Question 41

is cholesterol a lipid

Answer 41

not really a lipid BUT it is lipid soluble and lipid derives

Question 42

what is a major component of membranes

Answer 42

phospholipids

Question 43

fatty acids are long ...

Answer 43

LONG CHAIN CARBONS with a carboxyl group

Question 44

what are the 3 types of bonds of fatty acids

Answer 44

saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated

Question 45

what do all fatty acids have in common

Answer 45

they call have a carboxyl group

Question 46

what makes the acid part of a fatty acid

Answer 46

carboxyl group

Question 47

stearic acid is what type of fat

Answer 47

a saturated fat

Question 48

oleic acid is what type of fat

Answer 48

monounsaturated

Question 49

linolenic acid is what type of fat

Answer 49

polyunsaturated

Question 50

true or false: all carbons, no matter the type of bond, have a hydrogen attached to it?

Answer 50

false, when you fet a double bond you lose hydrogens

Question 51

what does it mean to be monounsaturated

Answer 51

you have one double bond in the carbon backbone

Question 52

what does it mean to be polyunsaturated

Answer 52

more than 1 double bond in the carbon backbone

Question 53

what are the 3 parts of a fatty acid

Answer 53

1) methyl group 2) carbon backbone 3) carboxyl group

Question 54

are saturated fats the healthy fats>

Answer 54

no , they contribute do cardiovascular diseases

Question 55

what is the healthy type of fat

Answer 55

polyunsaturated

Question 56

what are the three types of fatty acid sizes

Answer 56

long chain medium short

Question 57

what is considered a long chain

Answer 57

c12 to c26

Question 58

what is considered a medium chain fatty acid

Answer 58

c8 and c10

Question 59

what is considered short chain fatty acids

Answer 59

c4 and c6

Question 60

is omega 3 an essential or non essential fatty acid

Answer 60

essential

Question 61

what does it mean to be an essential fatty acid?

Answer 61

must be taken up by an exogenous source

Question 62

explain omega 3 fatty acid

Answer 62

there is an omega end and an alpha end (carboxyl) | 1st double found is located on thr 3rd carbon from the omega end

Question 63

what is the omega end of a fatty acid

Answer 63

methyl group end

Question 64

what is the alpha end of a fatty acid

Answer 64

the end with the carboxyl group

Question 65

which chain has a hard time getting through the mitochondria

Answer 65

long chain

Question 66

which chains have an easy time getting through the mitochondria?

Answer 66

small and medium

Question 67

true or false: the long chain fatty acids can manoeuver through the lipid bilayer without assistance

Answer 67

false, they need assistance

Question 68

true or false: fatty acids are the functional components of lipids

Answer 68

false they are the structural component of the lipids EXCEPT cholesterol, bile acids and steroids

Question 69

fatty are naturally occurring....

Answer 69

monocarboxylic acids

Question 70

true or false: fatty acids tend to have an even number of carbon

Answer 70

trtue

Question 71

what do phospholipids contain (biologically)

Answer 71

biologically active substances like prostaglandins, thromboxane and inositol triphosphate

Question 72

true or false: the phospholipids modulate the activities of the hormone systems

Answer 72

False, they modulate the activities of membrane enzymes and transporters

Question 73

what is another prominent part of the membrane that is not phospholipids and why

Answer 73

cholesterol | tjey control fluidity andf protein function

Question 74

true or false: cholesterol is a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones

Answer 74

true

Question 75

what organ makes most of the cholesterol

Answer 75

liver

Question 76

what is the formula for steric acid and is it saturated, mono or ply

Answer 76

C18, H36, O2 | saturates

Question 77

what is the formula for oleic acid and is it saturated ,mono or poly

Answer 77

C18, H34 O2 | mono unsat.

Question 78

what is the formula for linoleic acid and is it mono, poly or saturated

Answer 78

C18 H32 O2 | poly