lecture 12: ketone bodies, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 1

how can you form a ketone body in terms of acetyl coa

Answer 1

when acetyl coa builds up in the cell, two of them can bind and create a ketone

Question 2

how are ketone bodies rpoduced

Answer 2

by 2 acetyl coas

Question 3

how can you form a ketone body in terms of acetyl coa

Answer 3

when acetyl coa builds up in the cell, two of them can bind and create a ketone

Question 4

how can you get an accumulation of acetyl coa

Answer 4

1) increase beta ozidation which creates alot of acetyl coas which will back up the kreb cycle
2) increase gluconeogenesis

Question 5

why is the accumulatiin of ketone bodies bad

Answer 5

you can develop ketogeneis which will acidify your blood

Question 6

what are the conditions in which you will form ketone bodies

Answer 6

prolongued period of starvation and fastine

type 2 diabetes

Question 7

where does ketone synthesis occur

Answer 7

in the mitchondria of the liver

Question 8

how does fatty acid oxidation effect formation of ketone bodies

Answer 8

during starvation, body will break down its fatty acid stores throug hbeta oxdation therefore will make a lot of acetyl coa but the kreb cycle will not be able to process it very fast so accumulation of acetyl will happen which will cause ketone body fromation

Question 9

how does glucoenogeneis affect keton body formation

Answer 9

since you are in starvation, glucose levels need to be maintained in the blood (even without a source of glucose) therefore oxalo will bind with pyruvate and go up to form glucose but without oxalo there is nothing to bind with the acetyl coa’s therefore you will acculuate a pool (inhibits kreb)

Question 10

how are ketone bodies rpoducedw

Answer 10

by 2 acetyl coas

Question 11

what is the primarh ketone body

Answer 11

aceto acetate (aceto acidic acid)

Question 12

what can aceto acetat be divided into

Answer 12

acetone an d 3 hydroxybutyrate (beta =)

Question 13

do we often see accumulation of acetone in the body

Answer 13

no , usually the carbons from acetone bind and become co2 and get expried from the lungs

Question 14

what are the secondary ketone bodies

Answer 14

acetone and beta hydrozybytarate

Question 15

where are the enzymes for ketogenesis fromed

Answer 15

in the mitchodnrial matrix

Question 16

what is the precorsor to ketogenesis

Answer 16

acetyl coa which is formed by oxidation of fatty acids, pyrvate and amoni acids

Question 17

does lipolysis create an icnrease of decrease in ketone bodies

Answer 17

increase

by breaking down FFA (lipolyssi) you are able to form fatty acid synthesis (with acetyl)

Question 18

true or false: ketones are completely bad

Answer 18

no, they can be taken up bny sketelatl muscle and used for atp synthesis

Question 19

explain how ketone. bodies can be metabolized in the body

Answer 19

ketone bodys are foemed in the liver and can exot intp the ciruclation and go to mant of the bodies itissues (like sketelatl)
skeletal muscle can break down the ketone back to acetyl coa which can then enter the kreb cycle and be metavbolised for atp

Question 20

what happens after lipoysis of tris

Answer 20

beta oxidation

Question 21

true or false: in starvation you are depleted of all the oxaloacettate in the body since it is being used for gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

false
since gluconeogenisis only happens in the liver, it will only be depleted in tthe lvier
the skeletal msucles still have an abundant amount which allow you to continue the kreb cycle in the muscles

Question 22

those who have type 1 diabetes do not have insuline defiency

Answer 22

false, they do

they must take exogenous srouces of insulin

Question 23

what tissues can ue ketone for metablosk

Answer 23

heart
skeletal
brain

Question 24

explain insuline definieiceny in type 1 diabetes and its effect on ketone bodies

Answer 24

Since there is no insulin, the brain senses we are not breaking down any glucose so tehre will be an increase in glucagon and epinephrin which will increase lipolysis and then there will be an elevatiton of fatty acids in the blood (moved by albumin) which can form alot of ketone bodies

Question 25

what is the problem if ketones are travelling in the blood of a diabtetic

Answer 25

can travel through the blood dtream tot heart and brain and skeletal which will decrease the ph of the cells to the organs which can put you in a diabettic coma

Question 26

explain thte effects of insuline on muslce, fat and glucagon

Answer 26

insulin deficient will cause a break down in fat (also glucagon and epinephrine will be secreted to break down fat even more) and these fatty acids. will then become ketons in the body and glycerol will go to glucose

at the same time glycogen is also being broken down due to stim of epinephrine and glucagon

furthermore, muscles will break down to form more aminos to be converted to glucose

==increase glucose concenrtration bencause insuline not present to take up the glucose

the ketones and glucose will be filtered through the kidneys and will fulter them out through urea

Question 27

explain the 5 secquence of events from DKA

Answer 27

1) No insulin, glucoe cannot be taken up into the cell
2) Increase in glucoenogeneiss (lvier making glucose) because brain is getting signals that muscles are difficuent in glucose
3) As an alternative for energy, fats will begin to break down which will increase the concentration of ketones in the blood stream
4) ketones and excess gluocse will go to kidneys and be transfeered into urine (using a lot of water to dilute)
5) alot of water is being used so the person becomes dehydrated which will increase the ketone bodies

Question 28

a decrease in insuline causes

Answer 28

1) increase in glycogenolysis

2) increase in glucogenesis

Question 29

what are some stress hormones taht will affect glycogelocysis

Answer 29

glucagon, growth hormones, cortisol

catelcholine