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258 - physiology > lecture 3: glycogen, glycolysis > Flashcards

lecture 3: glycogen, glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what protein is located at the centre of the glycogen

A

glycogenin

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2
Q

what is it and what is the function of glycogenin

A

is it a protein backbone

acts as an anchor for the glucose monors to eveually attach and form glycogen

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3
Q

what branches off the glycogenin

A

glycogen branches!!

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4
Q

is the glycogen only linear>?

A

no it is like a tree with linear and then branching segments

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5
Q

what is responsible for breaking the glucose branches

A

branching enzymes

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6
Q

where is glycogen stored and what is the purpose

A

stores in muscle and liver for energy storage for future use (exercise, rest, starvation)

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7
Q

what are the 2 main bonds of the glycogen?

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

which bonds are responsible for the linear portion of glucose

A

aplha 1-4 glycosidic

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9
Q

which bonds are responsible for the branching part of glycogen

A

1-6 glycocidic bonds

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10
Q

what does 1-4 mean or 1-6

A

there is a bond between the 1first carbon of a glucose and the 4 or 6 carbons of a different glucose which are bound by an oxygen molecule

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11
Q

after how many glucose monomers do we get an 1-6 bond

A

5-8

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12
Q

why is branching important

A

allows you to utilize many glucose monomers at once

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13
Q

what is a strand of glycogen made up of

A

glucose monomers bound together

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14
Q

true or false: glycogen is made up solely of reducing ends

A

no , made up of reducing and non reducing ends

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15
Q

what are the two types of ends to the glycogen

A

reducing

non reducing

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16
Q

which ends are sensitive to glycogen phosphorylase

A

non reducing ends

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17
Q

what happens at the non reducing ends

A

sensitive to glycogen phosphorylase
this is where you can either build up or break down the glycogen
(these are the first glucose monomers to be cleaved for energy)

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18
Q

what is the purpose of glycogen phosphorylase

A

breats down glycogen

(breaks away glucose monomers from he glycogen tree to go down the glycolotic pathway

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19
Q

what is the function of glycogen synthase

A

to synthesize glycogen

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20
Q

true or false: a main branch of glucose forms from the glycoenin protein

A

true

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21
Q

what are the reducing ends of glycogen

A

the ends where there is no synthesis or breakdown of the glycogen tree
(these are the ends that are connected to glycogen)

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22
Q

does the glycogen phosphorylase cleve off 1 or multiple glucose monomers at once

A

one at a time, very rapidly

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23
Q

explain how glycogen phosphorate works

A

cleaves the monomers off at the non reducing end
uses inorganic phosphate to attach to that glucose
beomces glucose 1 phosphate and then that can go to glycolysis

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24
Q

what does the breakdown/activation of the glycogen depend on

A

intensity of exercise

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25
Q

what are the 4 enzymes involved in branching and debranching as well as storage/breakdown linearly?

A

1-6 bonds:
branching and debranching enzymes

1-4:
glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

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26
Q

what is the function of the branching enzyme of glycogen

A

branching enzyme creates the 1-6 glycosidic bonds (branch)

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27
Q

what is the function of the debranching enzyme

A

debranching cleaves/breaks the 1-6 bond

28
Q

do the branching and debraching enzymes work at the non reducing ends

A

no thats for the 1-4 bonds only

29
Q

what stimulates the glycogen synthase and the branching enzyme (the creation of more glycogen) and what is the function

A

insulin

allows us to store glycogen for future energy use

30
Q

what are the 2 main functions insulin

A

allows glucsoe uptake in the cell

stimulates glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

31
Q

is insulin (synthase and branching) important for glycogenesis or glycogenolysis

A

glycogenesis

32
Q

are glycogen phosphorylase and debranching important for glycogenesis or glycogenolysis

A

glycogenolysis

33
Q

where is insulin located

A

can be found in liver and muscles (secreted by beta cells of liver)

34
Q

what are the 3 stimulators of glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)

A

epinephrine
glucagon
AMP

35
Q

what are the two HORMONES that stimulate glycogenolysis

A

glucagon

epinephrine

36
Q

what is the product stimulator of glycogenolysis

A

AMP

37
Q

explain how glucagon is a stimulator

A

Glucagon is stimulated by the alhpa cells in the pancreas during exercise to signal the breakdown of the glycogen for glucose

38
Q

where is glucagon found

A

liver

39
Q

explain how epinephrine is a stimulator of glycogenolysis

A

when exercise is high, in the liver and in the muscle, stimulated to breakdown glycogen for energy

40
Q

is the relationship between exercise intensity and stimulators directly proportional or indirectly

A

directly
as energy increases
hormone secretion increases

41
Q

where is epinephrine found

A

liver and muscle cells

42
Q

where is the AMP stimulator found

A

muscle

43
Q

explain how AMP is a stimulator for glycogenolysis

A

During high intensity exercise, AMP will begin to accumulate in the cell
When AMP is present, the cell knows there is a low energy source so it stimualtes glycogen phosloryza and debraching enzymes

44
Q

true or false: glycogenolysis and glycogenesis are supposed to happen at the same time

A

false, do not want these systems workign at the same time (coutner productuve)

45
Q

what are the two forms of glycogen phosphorylase

A 
phosphorylase a (active)
phosphoralase b(inactive)
46
Q

explain active vs inaction phosphorlaze

A

when there is a phophosphate bound to the glucogen phosphorylase, it is activated and will stimulate the breakdown of glycogen

when the phosphate group is removed, you get glycogen phosphorylase b (inactive) which will inhibit glycogenolysis

47
Q

what inhibits the glycogen synthase

A

when a phosphate group is added to glycogen synthase, it is inhibited and cannot do glycogenesis

48
Q

what happens at the same time that glycogen phosphorylase is activated

A

when the enzyme for glycogenolysis is activated (has a phosphate group attached), the enzyme for glycogenesis (glycogen synthase) is INHIBITED by phosphorylation

49
Q

what is an example of a futile system

A

glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

50
Q

what is the protein/kinase that allows this activation/inhibition of the two systems at the same time

A

c (cyclic amp) dependent protein kinase

51
Q

do epinephrine and glucagon enter the cell to directly activate glycogenolysis

A

no , they simulate CAMP dependent protein kinase

52
Q

what is the function of Camp depending on protein kinase?

A

Activates glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis) by adding an inorganic phosphate to the enzyme

AT THE SAME TIME

inhibits glycogen synthase (glycogenesis) by adding an inorganic phosphate to the enzyme

53
Q

who is the main contributor for the activation and inhibition of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

A

C-amp depending protein kinase

54
Q

what is the breakdown of glycogen dependent on

A

exercise intensity (ie. light exercise=less rate of breakdown/ glycogenlosys)

55
Q

where is epinephrine/adrenaline released from

A

adrenale glands (adrenal medula)

56
Q

explain glycogen utilization during exercise

A

light exercsie: almost have 100% of glycogen content left (very light rate of glycogen breakdwon)

moderate: over a 2 hour period, there is a graducal reduction of glyocgen from the msucle fibers doing the work

heavy exercise: wont be able to exercise for long ebcause you will breakdown all the glycogen content

57
Q

what happens when the the glycogen content is at almost 0% in your muscles

A

muscles are fatigued because the myofibirls are almost totally depeleted of glycogen

58
Q

what are the two options for glucose 6 phosphate

A

1) glycogen synthesis

2) glycolysis

59
Q

what are the first 4 steps of glycolysis and the energy requirements

A

Glucose > glucose 6 phosphate (1 ATP needed)
Glucose 6 phophate >frucose 6 phosphate (no energy)
fructose 6 phosphate> frcose 1,6 dispohoate (1 ATP NEEDED)
fructise 1-6 diphosphates splits

2 atp deficit

60
Q

what happens once fructose 1-6 diphosphate is formed

A

the 6 carbon molecule will split into two 3 carbon entities

61
Q

when is atp start to be synthesized in glycolysis

A

after it splits into the 2 3 carbon units

62
Q

when is the first 2 atp manufactured in glycolysis

A

1-3 diphosphoglyceric acid to

3 phosphoglyceric acid

63
Q

when is the last 2 atp’s being made in glycolysis

A

phospholenulpyruvic > pyruvate

ADP>ATP by losing a phosphate

64
Q

what is the final product of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acids (pyruvate)

65
Q

what is the net energy yield of glycolysis

A

2 atp

258 - physiology (21 decks)

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