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258 - physiology > LECTURE 3: Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

LECTURE 3: Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical organizations of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

what does the CNS comprised of

A

encephalon (brain, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cford

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3
Q

What does the PNS comprised of

A

Peripheral nerves (sensory and motor)

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4
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

controls autonomic functions (heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, urination…).

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5
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions

A

Sympathetic: increases the activity of autonomic functions.

Parasympathic: Decreases the activity of autonomic functions.

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6
Q

Where do the autonomic signals originate from?

A

brain stem

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7
Q

explain a reflex

A

the signal does not need to reach the brain to provoke a motor action

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8
Q

What are the 3 major levels of the CNS and be able to labrl them

A

1) cortical level
2) subcortical level
3) spinal cord level

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9
Q

is the spinal cord just a conduit/pathway for signals?

A

no

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10
Q

What does the spinal cord contain?

A
  • Walking circuits (Central Pattern Generator)
  • Circuits for reflexes that control movements
  • Circuits for body support against gravity
  • Circuits for reflexes that control organ functions (e.g. blood vessels, gastrointestinal, urination…)
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11
Q

what are the components of the subcortical level?

A

Brainstem (Medulla & pons), mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and basal ganglia

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12
Q

what is another name for the subcortical level

A

lower brain level

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13
Q

what does the subcortical level control?

A

Controls SUBCONCIOUS body activities:
EX: arterial pressure, respiration, equilibrium, feeding reflexes, body temperature, wakefulness and sleep, hormonal regulation…

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14
Q

What is another name for the cortical level and where do you find it?

A

Higher brain level

Superficial layer of the GREY Matter (2-4 mm)

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15
Q

does the subcortical level ever work alone?

A

no, always with lower centers

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16
Q

what is the fucntion of the cortical level

A

Place of the most complicated and sophisticated functions of the NS:

Information Processing
Memory storage
Decision making
Thought Processes

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17
Q

what is the function of the somatosensory system and where is information transmitted to?

A

function:
Transmission of somatic information from receptors to CNS

Information is transmitted to:
Spinal cord
Reticular substance (brainstem & mesencephalon)
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
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18
Q

what percentage of sensory information is disregarded

A

99%

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19
Q

explain the motor axis and its function

A

Important for motion

FUNCTION: Controlling body activities

ex: Skeletal muscle contraction
Smooth muscle contraction (internal organs)
The activity of exocrine & endocrine glands

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of the neuron structure and their function

A

Cell body (soma)
Main body of the neuron
Signal processing

Dendrites
Projections of the soma
Signal input

Axon
Extends from soma to the terminal
Signal output

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of neurons

A

Unipolar neuron:
Multipolar neuron:
Pseudo-unipolar neuron:
Bipolar neuron:

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22
Q

explain unipolar neuron and be able to identify and where you can find it

A

One process (dendrite & axon on the
same side
Photoreceptors in retina (rods & cones)

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23
Q

explain multipolar neuron and be able to identify and where you can find it

A

Several dendrites & one axon

Most common cell type (e.g. motoneuron, purkinje cell)

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24
Q

explain pseudounipolar neuron and wehre you can find it

A 
One process (develops from bipolar)
 Sensory neuron in the spinal cord
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25
Q

explain bipolar neuron and where you can find it

A

One main dendrite & one axon
Found in retina, inner ear &
olfactory

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26
Q

where do AP’s start?

A

AXON HILLOCK

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27
Q

explain neuronal communication

A

Information is transmitted within the neuron by action potentials (electrical signal).

APs propagate along nerve fiber until it comes to the fiber’s end.

Information is communicated between neurons by synapses (chemical signal)

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28
Q

be able to locate the pre and post synaptic terminals and neurons

A

> :)

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29
Q

be able to identify the different types of neurons

A

CHECK SLIDES

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30
Q

How is information transmitted within the the neuron?

A

by action potentials that propagate along nerve fiber until it comes to the fiber’s end.

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31
Q

How is information communicated between neurons??

A

by synapses (chemical signal)

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32
Q

Be able to loacate the axon hillock and the synapse of neurons

A

look slides

33
Q

What is the role of Ca++ in neuronal communication?

A

1) Ca ++ enter cell and causes neurotransmitters to be released from vesicles
2) Amount of neurotransmitters released is directly related to the number of Ca++ ions that enter

34
Q

True or false: The Amount of neurotransmitters released is NOT directly related to the number of Ca++ ions that enter

A

false: amount of Ca++ and amount of neurotransmitters released are directly proportional!

35
Q

What is another name for a neurotransmitter>

A

LIGAND

36
Q

explain neurotransmitter and its function

A

Neurotransmitter (NT) is a chemical substance synthetized in presynaptic terminal, and released in the synapse by the arrival of the AP.

By diffusing across the synapse, the NT causes the transfer of the AP to another nerve or a muscle fiber

37
Q

What does the type of NT based on?

A

Types of NT: based on the action of the postsynaptic neuron

38
Q

What are the 2 types of NT?

A

1) excitatory

2) inhibitory

39
Q

What is the function of an excitatory NT? and give examples

A

Excite postsynaptic neuron

Examples
Glutamate
Dopamine (DA) 
Norepinephrine (NE)
Acetylcholine (ACh) 
Serotonin (5HT)
40
Q

what is glutamate and what its used for?

A

Excitatory NT and used used in every part of the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

What is dopanine and its use?

A

Dopamine (DA) is an excitatory NT and

it controls motor behavior +pleasures +emotional arousal

42
Q

What is Norepinephrine (NE) and what does it control

A

Norepinephrine (NE) is an excitatory nt and it controls sleep patters and focus and alertness

43
Q

what is Acetylcholine and its function

A

excitatory NT and activates skeletal muscles

44
Q

what is Serotonin (5HT) and its function

A

It is an excitatory NT and it is responsible for MOOD+ appetite+sleep+memory+learning

45
Q

What is the function of a inhibitory NT and give example

A

Inhibit postsynaptic neuron

ex: GABA

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Many sedative/tranquilizing drugs act by enhancing the effects of GABA

A

TRUE

47
Q

What are the 4 steps of Synaptic Transmission(Mechanism of Neurotransmitter Release)

A
  1. AP ARRIVES AT THE PRESYNPATIC TERMINAL
  2. Local depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ ions flow into terminal
  3. Ca++ ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the pre synaptic membrane
  4. Release of the transmitter into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis)
48
Q

Do NT penetrate the postsynpatic neuron

A

NO

49
Q

What does a postsynaptic membrane contain to allow AP propagation?

A

Postsynaptic membrane contains receptors that bind the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal

50
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and what are they?

A

ionotropic: ion channel

Metabotropic receptor: Second messenger activator

51
Q

are ion channels integrated or non integrated

A

INTEGRATED

52
Q

What are the 2 types of iion channels in ionotropic receptors and their functions

A

CATION: allow cations (e.g. Na+, Ca2+) to pass. These channels excite (depolarize) the postsynaptic neuron (e.g. Glutamate receptor)

ANION: allow anions (e.g. Cl-) to pass. These channels inhibit (hyperpolarize) the postsynaptic neuron (e.g. GABA receptor)

53
Q

Do ion channels close and open rapidly or slowly? and why

A

rapidly (< 1 sec)

providing a very rapid control of postsynaptic neurons: Fast synpactic transmission!

54
Q

Explain Metabotropic Receptor (Second messenger activator)

A

Metabotropic Receptor (Second messenger activator) is a protein structure that causes prolonged changes in the neurons (seconds to months) by activating substances inside the postsynaptic neuron, slow synpactic transmission

55
Q

Explain metabotropic receptor

A

Metabotropic Receptor (Second messenger activator) is a protein structure that causes prolonged changes in the neurons (seconds to months) by activating substances inside the postsynaptic neuron, slow synpactic transmission

56
Q

Do ionotropic receptors have slow or fast synaptic transmission?

A

FAST

57
Q

Do metabotropic receptors have slow or fast synaptic transmission?

A

SLOW

58
Q

What does one of the most common types of 2nd messener system use?

A

G PROTEINS

59
Q

explain g proteins in second messenger activator

A
  • The G-protein is a protein complex (α, β, γ sub-units) attached to the interior portion of the receptor protein
  • The binding of the transmitter on the receptor activates the G-protein, which initiates a cascade of events leading to alterations in the cellular activity
  • Upon the activation of the G-protein, the alpha sub unit detaches from the complex and activates multiple functions inside the cell
60
Q

what is one function of METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR (slow synaptic transmission)

A

Learning and memory

61
Q

What does the binding of the NT on the receptor do?

A

opens ions channels and increases the permeability of ions

causes the postsynaptic membrane potential to change from the resting state. The new potential is called Post Synaptic Potential

62
Q

What are the 2 types of post synaptic potential

A

excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

63
Q

Explain excitatory post synaptic potential

A

The membrane potential moves towards less negative values (> Vm, depolarization).

Increased permeability to Na+ and/or Ca2+ (more positivity inside)

Caused by the activation of excitatory receptors

64
Q

explain inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

The membrane potential moves towards more negative values (< Vm, Hyperpolarization).

Increased permeability to Cl- and/or K+ (more Negativity inside).

Caused by the activation of inhibitory receptors

65
Q

What are the 3 states of a neuron in Synaptic Excitation/Inhibition on the Postsynaptic Membrane and be able to indentify the diagram

A

a) resting neuron

b) Neuron in an excited state:
with a less negative membrane potential (caused by Na+ influx)
-increase in EPSP

c) Neuron in an inhibited stage:
with a more negative membrane potential (caused by K+ efflux, Cl- ion influx, or both)
-INCREASE IN IPSP

66
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of postsynaptic potentials?

A

Sub-threshold potentials (below threshold of AP)

Summation of different PSPs (Spatial & Temporal)

EPSPs increase the likelihood of AP (signal transmission)

IPSPs decrease the likelihood of AP (no signal transmission)

67
Q

True or false: EPSPs decrease the likelihood of AP

A

FALSE: increase the likelihood of AP

68
Q

Explain why EPSP gets closer to the threshold and why IPSP gets further

A

EPSP: gets closer to the threshold since membrane gets more positive
IPSP: gets further from the threshold since membrane gets more negative

69
Q

explain spatial summation

A

Excitation of a postsynaptic neuron by a single presynaptic terminal will almost never induce an AP

When many presynaptic terminals (E1 and E2) stimulate the postsynaptic neuron, their respective EPSPs will summate and may exceed the threshold to generate an AP potentialW

70
Q

Each neuron may be connected to up to ________ other neurons

A

10 000

71
Q

explain temporal summation

A

Successive discharges from the same a single presynaptic terminal, if they occur rapidly enough, can add to one another; that is, they can “summate” to reach the threshold for firing AP

72
Q

True or false: AP’s begin near the synapses

A

false begin near the axon hillock

73
Q

Why doesnt AP generation happen at the soma or dendrite?

A

Soma & dendrites have few voltage-gated Na+ channels (necessary for the generation of AP)

74
Q

How to electronic signals propagate to the axon hillock

A

by electronic conduction (i.e. propagation in the fluids without generation of AP)

75
Q

explain synaptic plasticity

A

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of a synapse to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in its activity

76
Q

What affects synaptic plasticity (3)

A

1) Change in the quantity ofneurotransmittersreleased
2) Change in the number of postsynaptic receptors
3) Change in the response of the postsynaptic neuron to neurotransmitter (greater postsynaptic potential)

77
Q

What are the 4 types of synaptic plasticity and explain them

A

1) Synaptic enhancement (potentiation): increase in the efficacy of the synapse
2) Synaptic depression: decrease in the efficacy of the synapse
3) Short-term plasticity: lasts from few milliseconds to min
4) Long-term plasticity: lasts from hours to months

78
Q

what are Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

ANTIDEPRESSANT

79
Q

explain how Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work

A

believed to increase the extracellular level of serotonin by limiting its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell,

increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptors

Makes seratonin move available to the system

258 - physiology (21 decks)

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