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258 - physiology > LECTURE 1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, andFormation of Adenosine Triphosphate > Flashcards

LECTURE 1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, andFormation of Adenosine Triphosphate Flashcards

1
Q

adenosine triphosphate is the central link between …

A

between energy producing and energy using systems of the body

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2
Q

what are the 3 nutrients that get broken down for ATP

A

FATS
CARBS
PROTEINS

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3
Q

What are the 2 subsets of energy that ATP plays a role in

A

energy production and energy utilization

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4
Q

What are 4 uses of ATP in the body

A

Active ion transport
muscle contraction
synthesis of molecules
cell division and growth

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5
Q

Breaking down protein carbs and fats is called

A

oxidation

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6
Q

How does ADP become ATP

A

Energy derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats are used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP, which is then consumed by the various reactions of the body that are necessary to maintain and propagate life

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7
Q

What is the typical end product of the ATP reaction

A

ADP and phosphate

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8
Q

what is the extracellular concentration of NA

A

150 mm

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9
Q

explain how ATP is used for active ion transport

A

It gives energy to the ions that need to go through the membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient

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10
Q

Explain the NA K active transport chain in relation to atp

A

ATP binds to the sodium causing the gate to open and allow sodium to enter the extracellular space (against its concentration)
At the same time, ATP was split, providing energy to potassium to move into the intracellular space

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11
Q

What would happen it there was no ATP for active ion transport

A

Cell would be in a constant excitatory state
We would need a stronger impulse to depolarize the membrane therefore ATP is important to bring it back to its resting potential

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12
Q

what are the 3 main components of ATP (structure)

A

Adenine ( nitrogenous base)
Ribose sugar
Triphosphate tail

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13
Q

Which structure is found in RNA and which structure if found in DNA

A

rna: ribose
DNA: adenine

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14
Q

What is the Adenine in ATP

A

PURINE Protein with a nitrogenous base that is free moving in all cells

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15
Q

What is ribose in ATP

A

5 carbon sugar

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16
Q

what is the triphosphate tail in atp

A

It is 3 phosphates attached to the ribose sugar
most important component of the ATP
contain 2 high energy phosphate bonds

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17
Q

where is the triphosphate tail attached to the ATP

A

on the 5th carbon of the ribose sugar

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18
Q

Why is the triphosphate tail the most important part of the ATP

A

contains 2 high energy phosphate bonds that when cleaved, release a high amount of energy

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19
Q

how many high energy bonds are present in atp

A

2 high energy phosphate bonds

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20
Q

if we lose 1 phosphate group, what does atp become

A

it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) with 2 phosphates left

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21
Q

if we lose 2 phosphates, what does atp become

A

Adenosine monophosphate AMP

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22
Q

If we lose all phosphates in atp, what does it become and what is its function

A

Adenine

Vasodialator

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23
Q

true or false, the breakdown and synthesis of ATP are high energy reactions?

A

true

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24
Q

what is it called when you break ATP into ADP and P

A

ATP HYDROLYSIS

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25
Q

what is is called when you form ATP from ADP and P

A

ATP dehydration/phosphorylation

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26
Q

what is the important enzyme in atp hydrolysis

A

ATPase

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27
Q

Explain ATP hydrolysis

A

When ATP (with water) is broken down by ATP pase by cleaving a phosphate bond, you create an energy. THis then leaves an ADP and P (with OH bound to P and a free H)

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28
Q

explain adp phosphorylation/dehydration

A

You start with ADP and P and need energy to move the reaction along in order to reform ATP and H20

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29
Q

True or false: break down of ATP is considered endergonic reaction

A

false, it is exergonic because it releases energy

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30
Q

Is the synthesis of ATP an exergonic or endergonic raction

A

ENDERGONIC (requries energy)

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31
Q

Do exergonic reactions have a negative or positive Gibbs free energy value

A

negative

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32
Q

Do endergonic reactions have a negative or positive free Gibbs energy value

A

positive

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33
Q

are endergonic reactions spontaneous or not

A

NOT SPONTANEOUS

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34
Q

What sign does the gibbs free energy need to be to have a spontaneous reaction

A

NEGATIVE

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35
Q

ATP hydrolysis releases or uses work energy

A

RELEASES

36
Q

Atp dehydration releases or uses work energy

A

uses

37
Q

explain the exergonic reaction of ATP in the body at standard conditions

A

Through ATP hydrolysis, you are cleaving a phsopohate bond and RELEASING WORK ENERGY, therefore have a negative gibbs energy value of -7.3 KCAL/mol

38
Q

How much energy is released by cleaving 1 phosphate bond in standard conditions

A

7.3 kcal/mol of energy

39
Q

Explain the endergonic reaction of ATP synthesis

A

Through ADP phosphorylation, you require energy to reattach the phosphate to the ADP therefore it REQUIRES/USES WORK ENERGY.
In order to reattach 1 phosphate, you need 7.3 kcal/mol

40
Q

True or false: The delta g of -7.3 kcal for atp hydrolysis is realistic in the body and why

A

not realistic because it is performed i standard conditions outside the body (1M, 25 celcius, ph=7)

41
Q

Is ATP metabolism in the body the same as in standard conditions

A

No , more atp metabolism happen in the body

42
Q

how much energy does the breakdown of ATP into ADP release in the body

A

-12kcal/mol

43
Q

True or false, If we breakdown ATP to ADP to AMP we release 12 kcal each time

A

true

44
Q

what is the energy difference in breakdown of atp in the body versus standard conditions

A

in the body: 12 kcal

in the stndard condition: 7.3 kcal

45
Q

What is the defintion of reaction coupling

A

released energy drives an endergonic reaction

46
Q

true or false: the couple reaction for atp and glucose reactions have a net exercgonic effect so they do not happen spontaneously

A

FALSE, they are exergonic therefore they happen simulataenously

47
Q

true or false: the atp hydrolysis is sponteanous

A

true

48
Q

are endergonic reactions spontaneous

A

no

49
Q

explain the 3 steps of ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation of glucose

A

1) The atp hydrolysis liberates energy since it is an exergonic reaction
2) the phosphorylation of glucose (glucose+p into glucuse phosphate requires energy
3) when coupled (glucose +ATP > glucose 6 phsophate and ADP) the glucose uses the liberated energy from atp hydrolysis

=COUPLED REACTION HAS A NET EXERGONIC= SPONTEANOUS

50
Q

1kj is how many kcals

A

0.239 kcals

51
Q

what is the net exergonic gibbs value for the coupling of atp and glucose phospahte

A

-16kj.mol

52
Q

TRUE OR False : Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate

A

true

53
Q

what is the main fucntion of creatine phsopahte in the msucle

A

storage form of energy in the muscle

54
Q

Explain creatine phsophate energy usage during exercsie

A

Proves a small, but ready stouce of energy during the FIRST FEW MINUTES OF INTENSE MSUCULAR CONTRACTION

55
Q

What is the amount of creatine phosphate in the body proportional to?

A

the muscle mass

56
Q

At rest, how is creatine stored

A

as creatine phosphate

57
Q

During exercise, what is creatine phosphate converted to

A

Creatine

58
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down creatine phosphate

A

creatine phosphkinase/creatine kinaase

59
Q

what are the 2 main high energy compounds

A

ATP and creatine phosphate

60
Q

what is the reaction coupling for ATP and phosphoxcreatine

A

As creatine phosphate is being broken down and loses a phosphate group to become creatine, that phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP

61
Q

ture or false, the creatine phsophate energy source is good for long periods of exercise

A

false, only good during first dew minutes of intense muscular contaction
rest comes from oxydation of carbs fats etc

62
Q

do you have more ATP or more creatine phosphate at rest in hour muscle

A

more creatine phosphate

63
Q

explain the coupled reaction for creatine phosphate and atp

A

1) creatine phostphate + h20 > creatine and P
with a -43.4 kcal/mol EXERGONIC REACTION
2) ADP+p > atp + h20 is enderggonic (uses energy from phospho creatine
3) CReatine phopshate + ADP > Creatine + ATP
with a negative gibbs value so reaction happens SPONTEANOUS -12.8

64
Q

what is exercise intially fuled by in the few few seconds

A

atp and CP

65
Q

what are the 4 sources of energy during exercise

A

ATP
CP
Anerobic metabolism
aerobic metabolism

66
Q

true or false: CP is a major source of ATP regeneatorion for several seconds in exercise

A

true

67
Q

true or false: glucose is a source of energy by itself

A

false, it doesnt have any phosphates

68
Q

Glucose is an important source of …

A

potential energy

69
Q

glucose 2 different structures:

A

ring structure

linear structure

70
Q

what is the glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

71
Q

what carbon is most important for energy

A

carbon 6

72
Q

true or false: glucose needs oxygen to combust

A

true

73
Q

approximately how much ATP is released from breakdown of glucose

A

38 ATP

74
Q

true or false: in the absence of insulin, glucose can still enter the cell

A

false

75
Q

where are the insuline receptors located for glucose transport

A

the cell membrane of restin skelcal muscle, heart and adipose tissue

76
Q

what is the important transport protein that allows glucose to enter

A

glut 4 receptor

77
Q

There is more glucose concentration on the outside or inside of the cell

A

more on the outside

78
Q

Where is the glut 4 protein found

A

Found in the vesicle inside the cell

79
Q

explain the steps of glucose uptake into the cell

A

1) Insulin (from beta cells of the pancreas from blood cells binds the the insulin receptors on the membrane
2) Receptor begins a signal transduction cascade=series of biochemical reactions occurring in the cell that stimulate glut 4 release from visible
3) Glut 4 transporters move towards membrane and insert via EXOCYTOSIS
4) once glut 4 protein is bound to the membrane, glucose can pass through the protein and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion

80
Q

What is the process called where glut 4 inserts into the membrane

A

exocytosis

81
Q

How does glucose enter the cell once glut 4 biund to the membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

82
Q

True or false: without the glut 4 receptor, little to no glucose can be taken up by the cell

A

true

83
Q

do all cells require insulin to take up glucose

A

no

84
Q

what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to ado

A

-7.3

85
Q

what is the gibbs free energy value for ADP to AMP

A

-7.8

86
Q

what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to AMP

A

-10.9 (not efficient)

87
Q

what is the intracellular concentration of potassium

A

100mm

258 - physiology (21 decks)

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