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258 - physiology > LECTURE 1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, andFormation of Adenosine Triphosphate > Flashcards

LECTURE 1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, andFormation of Adenosine Triphosphate Flashcards

1
Q

adenosine triphosphate is the central link between …

A

between energy producing and energy using systems of the body

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2
Q

what are the 3 nutrients that get broken down for ATP

A

FATS
CARBS
PROTEINS

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3
Q

What are the 2 subsets of energy that ATP plays a role in

A

energy production and energy utilization

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4
Q

What are 4 uses of ATP in the body

A

Active ion transport
muscle contraction
synthesis of molecules
cell division and growth

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5
Q

Breaking down protein carbs and fats is called

A

oxidation

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6
Q

How does ADP become ATP

A

Energy derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats are used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP, which is then consumed by the various reactions of the body that are necessary to maintain and propagate life

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7
Q

What is the typical end product of the ATP reaction

A

ADP and phosphate

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8
Q

what is the extracellular concentration of NA

A

150 mm

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9
Q

explain how ATP is used for active ion transport

A

It gives energy to the ions that need to go through the membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient

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10
Q

Explain the NA K active transport chain in relation to atp

A

ATP binds to the sodium causing the gate to open and allow sodium to enter the extracellular space (against its concentration)
At the same time, ATP was split, providing energy to potassium to move into the intracellular space

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11
Q

What would happen it there was no ATP for active ion transport

A

Cell would be in a constant excitatory state
We would need a stronger impulse to depolarize the membrane therefore ATP is important to bring it back to its resting potential

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12
Q

what are the 3 main components of ATP (structure)

A

Adenine ( nitrogenous base)
Ribose sugar
Triphosphate tail

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13
Q

Which structure is found in RNA and which structure if found in DNA

A

rna: ribose
DNA: adenine

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14
Q

What is the Adenine in ATP

A

PURINE Protein with a nitrogenous base that is free moving in all cells

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15
Q

What is ribose in ATP

A

5 carbon sugar

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16
Q

what is the triphosphate tail in atp

A

It is 3 phosphates attached to the ribose sugar
most important component of the ATP
contain 2 high energy phosphate bonds

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17
Q

where is the triphosphate tail attached to the ATP

A

on the 5th carbon of the ribose sugar

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18
Q

Why is the triphosphate tail the most important part of the ATP

A

contains 2 high energy phosphate bonds that when cleaved, release a high amount of energy

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19
Q

how many high energy bonds are present in atp

A

2 high energy phosphate bonds

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20
Q

if we lose 1 phosphate group, what does atp become

A

it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) with 2 phosphates left

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21
Q

if we lose 2 phosphates, what does atp become

A

Adenosine monophosphate AMP

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22
Q

If we lose all phosphates in atp, what does it become and what is its function

A

Adenine

Vasodialator

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23
Q

true or false, the breakdown and synthesis of ATP are high energy reactions?

A

true

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24
Q

what is it called when you break ATP into ADP and P

A

ATP HYDROLYSIS

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25
what is is called when you form ATP from ADP and P
ATP dehydration/phosphorylation
26
what is the important enzyme in atp hydrolysis
ATPase
27
Explain ATP hydrolysis
When ATP (with water) is broken down by ATP pase by cleaving a phosphate bond, you create an energy. THis then leaves an ADP and P (with OH bound to P and a free H)
28
explain adp phosphorylation/dehydration
You start with ADP and P and need energy to move the reaction along in order to reform ATP and H20
29
True or false: break down of ATP is considered endergonic reaction
false, it is exergonic because it releases energy
30
Is the synthesis of ATP an exergonic or endergonic raction
ENDERGONIC (requries energy)
31
Do exergonic reactions have a negative or positive Gibbs free energy value
negative
32
Do endergonic reactions have a negative or positive free Gibbs energy value
positive
33
are endergonic reactions spontaneous or not
NOT SPONTANEOUS
34
What sign does the gibbs free energy need to be to have a spontaneous reaction
NEGATIVE
35
ATP hydrolysis releases or uses work energy
RELEASES
36
Atp dehydration releases or uses work energy
uses
37
explain the exergonic reaction of ATP in the body at standard conditions
Through ATP hydrolysis, you are cleaving a phsopohate bond and RELEASING WORK ENERGY, therefore have a negative gibbs energy value of -7.3 KCAL/mol
38
How much energy is released by cleaving 1 phosphate bond in standard conditions
7.3 kcal/mol of energy
39
Explain the endergonic reaction of ATP synthesis
Through ADP phosphorylation, you require energy to reattach the phosphate to the ADP therefore it REQUIRES/USES WORK ENERGY. In order to reattach 1 phosphate, you need 7.3 kcal/mol
40
True or false: The delta g of -7.3 kcal for atp hydrolysis is realistic in the body and why
not realistic because it is performed i standard conditions outside the body (1M, 25 celcius, ph=7)
41
Is ATP metabolism in the body the same as in standard conditions
No , more atp metabolism happen in the body
42
how much energy does the breakdown of ATP into ADP release in the body
-12kcal/mol
43
True or false, If we breakdown ATP to ADP to AMP we release 12 kcal each time
true
44
what is the energy difference in breakdown of atp in the body versus standard conditions
in the body: 12 kcal | in the stndard condition: 7.3 kcal
45
What is the defintion of reaction coupling
released energy drives an endergonic reaction
46
true or false: the couple reaction for atp and glucose reactions have a net exercgonic effect so they do not happen spontaneously
FALSE, they are exergonic therefore they happen simulataenously
47
true or false: the atp hydrolysis is sponteanous
true
48
are endergonic reactions spontaneous
no
49
explain the 3 steps of ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation of glucose
1) The atp hydrolysis liberates energy since it is an exergonic reaction 2) the phosphorylation of glucose (glucose+p into glucuse phosphate requires energy 3) when coupled (glucose +ATP > glucose 6 phsophate and ADP) the glucose uses the liberated energy from atp hydrolysis =COUPLED REACTION HAS A NET EXERGONIC= SPONTEANOUS
50
1kj is how many kcals
0.239 kcals
51
what is the net exergonic gibbs value for the coupling of atp and glucose phospahte
-16kj.mol
52
TRUE OR False : Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate
true
53
what is the main fucntion of creatine phsopahte in the msucle
storage form of energy in the muscle
54
Explain creatine phsophate energy usage during exercsie
Proves a small, but ready stouce of energy during the FIRST FEW MINUTES OF INTENSE MSUCULAR CONTRACTION
55
What is the amount of creatine phosphate in the body proportional to?
the muscle mass
56
At rest, how is creatine stored
as creatine phosphate
57
During exercise, what is creatine phosphate converted to
Creatine
58
What is the enzyme that breaks down creatine phosphate
creatine phosphkinase/creatine kinaase
59
what are the 2 main high energy compounds
ATP and creatine phosphate
60
what is the reaction coupling for ATP and phosphoxcreatine
As creatine phosphate is being broken down and loses a phosphate group to become creatine, that phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP
61
ture or false, the creatine phsophate energy source is good for long periods of exercise
false, only good during first dew minutes of intense muscular contaction rest comes from oxydation of carbs fats etc
62
do you have more ATP or more creatine phosphate at rest in hour muscle
more creatine phosphate
63
explain the coupled reaction for creatine phosphate and atp
1) creatine phostphate + h20 > creatine and P with a -43.4 kcal/mol EXERGONIC REACTION 2) ADP+p > atp + h20 is enderggonic (uses energy from phospho creatine 3) CReatine phopshate + ADP > Creatine + ATP with a negative gibbs value so reaction happens SPONTEANOUS -12.8
64
what is exercise intially fuled by in the few few seconds
atp and CP
65
what are the 4 sources of energy during exercise
ATP CP Anerobic metabolism aerobic metabolism
66
true or false: CP is a major source of ATP regeneatorion for several seconds in exercise
true
67
true or false: glucose is a source of energy by itself
false, it doesnt have any phosphates
68
Glucose is an important source of ...
potential energy
69
glucose 2 different structures:
ring structure | linear structure
70
what is the glucose formula
C6H12O6
71
what carbon is most important for energy
carbon 6
72
true or false: glucose needs oxygen to combust
true
73
approximately how much ATP is released from breakdown of glucose
38 ATP
74
true or false: in the absence of insulin, glucose can still enter the cell
false
75
where are the insuline receptors located for glucose transport
the cell membrane of restin skelcal muscle, heart and adipose tissue
76
what is the important transport protein that allows glucose to enter
glut 4 receptor
77
There is more glucose concentration on the outside or inside of the cell
more on the outside
78
Where is the glut 4 protein found
Found in the vesicle inside the cell
79
explain the steps of glucose uptake into the cell
1) Insulin (from beta cells of the pancreas from blood cells binds the the insulin receptors on the membrane 2) Receptor begins a signal transduction cascade=series of biochemical reactions occurring in the cell that stimulate glut 4 release from visible 3) Glut 4 transporters move towards membrane and insert via EXOCYTOSIS 4) once glut 4 protein is bound to the membrane, glucose can pass through the protein and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion
80
What is the process called where glut 4 inserts into the membrane
exocytosis
81
How does glucose enter the cell once glut 4 biund to the membrane
facilitated diffusion
82
True or false: without the glut 4 receptor, little to no glucose can be taken up by the cell
true
83
do all cells require insulin to take up glucose
no
84
what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to ado
-7.3
85
what is the gibbs free energy value for ADP to AMP
-7.8
86
what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to AMP
-10.9 (not efficient)
87
what is the intracellular concentration of potassium
100mm

258 - physiology (21 decks)

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