LECTURE 1: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, andFormation of Adenosine Triphosphate Flashcards
adenosine triphosphate is the central link between …
between energy producing and energy using systems of the body
what are the 3 nutrients that get broken down for ATP
FATS
CARBS
PROTEINS
What are the 2 subsets of energy that ATP plays a role in
energy production and energy utilization
What are 4 uses of ATP in the body
Active ion transport
muscle contraction
synthesis of molecules
cell division and growth
Breaking down protein carbs and fats is called
oxidation
How does ADP become ATP
Energy derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats are used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP, which is then consumed by the various reactions of the body that are necessary to maintain and propagate life
What is the typical end product of the ATP reaction
ADP and phosphate
what is the extracellular concentration of NA
150 mm
explain how ATP is used for active ion transport
It gives energy to the ions that need to go through the membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient
Explain the NA K active transport chain in relation to atp
ATP binds to the sodium causing the gate to open and allow sodium to enter the extracellular space (against its concentration)
At the same time, ATP was split, providing energy to potassium to move into the intracellular space
What would happen it there was no ATP for active ion transport
Cell would be in a constant excitatory state
We would need a stronger impulse to depolarize the membrane therefore ATP is important to bring it back to its resting potential
what are the 3 main components of ATP (structure)
Adenine ( nitrogenous base)
Ribose sugar
Triphosphate tail
Which structure is found in RNA and which structure if found in DNA
rna: ribose
DNA: adenine
What is the Adenine in ATP
PURINE Protein with a nitrogenous base that is free moving in all cells
What is ribose in ATP
5 carbon sugar
what is the triphosphate tail in atp
It is 3 phosphates attached to the ribose sugar
most important component of the ATP
contain 2 high energy phosphate bonds
where is the triphosphate tail attached to the ATP
on the 5th carbon of the ribose sugar
Why is the triphosphate tail the most important part of the ATP
contains 2 high energy phosphate bonds that when cleaved, release a high amount of energy
how many high energy bonds are present in atp
2 high energy phosphate bonds
if we lose 1 phosphate group, what does atp become
it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) with 2 phosphates left
if we lose 2 phosphates, what does atp become
Adenosine monophosphate AMP
If we lose all phosphates in atp, what does it become and what is its function
Adenine
Vasodialator
true or false, the breakdown and synthesis of ATP are high energy reactions?
true
what is it called when you break ATP into ADP and P
ATP HYDROLYSIS
what is is called when you form ATP from ADP and P
ATP dehydration/phosphorylation
what is the important enzyme in atp hydrolysis
ATPase
Explain ATP hydrolysis
When ATP (with water) is broken down by ATP pase by cleaving a phosphate bond, you create an energy. THis then leaves an ADP and P (with OH bound to P and a free H)
explain adp phosphorylation/dehydration
You start with ADP and P and need energy to move the reaction along in order to reform ATP and H20
True or false: break down of ATP is considered endergonic reaction
false, it is exergonic because it releases energy
Is the synthesis of ATP an exergonic or endergonic raction
ENDERGONIC (requries energy)
Do exergonic reactions have a negative or positive Gibbs free energy value
negative
Do endergonic reactions have a negative or positive free Gibbs energy value
positive
are endergonic reactions spontaneous or not
NOT SPONTANEOUS
What sign does the gibbs free energy need to be to have a spontaneous reaction
NEGATIVE
ATP hydrolysis releases or uses work energy
RELEASES
Atp dehydration releases or uses work energy
uses
explain the exergonic reaction of ATP in the body at standard conditions
Through ATP hydrolysis, you are cleaving a phsopohate bond and RELEASING WORK ENERGY, therefore have a negative gibbs energy value of -7.3 KCAL/mol
How much energy is released by cleaving 1 phosphate bond in standard conditions
7.3 kcal/mol of energy
Explain the endergonic reaction of ATP synthesis
Through ADP phosphorylation, you require energy to reattach the phosphate to the ADP therefore it REQUIRES/USES WORK ENERGY.
In order to reattach 1 phosphate, you need 7.3 kcal/mol
True or false: The delta g of -7.3 kcal for atp hydrolysis is realistic in the body and why
not realistic because it is performed i standard conditions outside the body (1M, 25 celcius, ph=7)
Is ATP metabolism in the body the same as in standard conditions
No , more atp metabolism happen in the body
how much energy does the breakdown of ATP into ADP release in the body
-12kcal/mol
True or false, If we breakdown ATP to ADP to AMP we release 12 kcal each time
true
what is the energy difference in breakdown of atp in the body versus standard conditions
in the body: 12 kcal
in the stndard condition: 7.3 kcal
What is the defintion of reaction coupling
released energy drives an endergonic reaction
true or false: the couple reaction for atp and glucose reactions have a net exercgonic effect so they do not happen spontaneously
FALSE, they are exergonic therefore they happen simulataenously
true or false: the atp hydrolysis is sponteanous
true
are endergonic reactions spontaneous
no
explain the 3 steps of ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation of glucose
1) The atp hydrolysis liberates energy since it is an exergonic reaction
2) the phosphorylation of glucose (glucose+p into glucuse phosphate requires energy
3) when coupled (glucose +ATP > glucose 6 phsophate and ADP) the glucose uses the liberated energy from atp hydrolysis
=COUPLED REACTION HAS A NET EXERGONIC= SPONTEANOUS
1kj is how many kcals
0.239 kcals
what is the net exergonic gibbs value for the coupling of atp and glucose phospahte
-16kj.mol
TRUE OR False : Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate
true
what is the main fucntion of creatine phsopahte in the msucle
storage form of energy in the muscle
Explain creatine phsophate energy usage during exercsie
Proves a small, but ready stouce of energy during the FIRST FEW MINUTES OF INTENSE MSUCULAR CONTRACTION
What is the amount of creatine phosphate in the body proportional to?
the muscle mass
At rest, how is creatine stored
as creatine phosphate
During exercise, what is creatine phosphate converted to
Creatine
What is the enzyme that breaks down creatine phosphate
creatine phosphkinase/creatine kinaase
what are the 2 main high energy compounds
ATP and creatine phosphate
what is the reaction coupling for ATP and phosphoxcreatine
As creatine phosphate is being broken down and loses a phosphate group to become creatine, that phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP
ture or false, the creatine phsophate energy source is good for long periods of exercise
false, only good during first dew minutes of intense muscular contaction
rest comes from oxydation of carbs fats etc
do you have more ATP or more creatine phosphate at rest in hour muscle
more creatine phosphate
explain the coupled reaction for creatine phosphate and atp
1) creatine phostphate + h20 > creatine and P
with a -43.4 kcal/mol EXERGONIC REACTION
2) ADP+p > atp + h20 is enderggonic (uses energy from phospho creatine
3) CReatine phopshate + ADP > Creatine + ATP
with a negative gibbs value so reaction happens SPONTEANOUS -12.8
what is exercise intially fuled by in the few few seconds
atp and CP
what are the 4 sources of energy during exercise
ATP
CP
Anerobic metabolism
aerobic metabolism
true or false: CP is a major source of ATP regeneatorion for several seconds in exercise
true
true or false: glucose is a source of energy by itself
false, it doesnt have any phosphates
Glucose is an important source of …
potential energy
glucose 2 different structures:
ring structure
linear structure
what is the glucose formula
C6H12O6
what carbon is most important for energy
carbon 6
true or false: glucose needs oxygen to combust
true
approximately how much ATP is released from breakdown of glucose
38 ATP
true or false: in the absence of insulin, glucose can still enter the cell
false
where are the insuline receptors located for glucose transport
the cell membrane of restin skelcal muscle, heart and adipose tissue
what is the important transport protein that allows glucose to enter
glut 4 receptor
There is more glucose concentration on the outside or inside of the cell
more on the outside
Where is the glut 4 protein found
Found in the vesicle inside the cell
explain the steps of glucose uptake into the cell
1) Insulin (from beta cells of the pancreas from blood cells binds the the insulin receptors on the membrane
2) Receptor begins a signal transduction cascade=series of biochemical reactions occurring in the cell that stimulate glut 4 release from visible
3) Glut 4 transporters move towards membrane and insert via EXOCYTOSIS
4) once glut 4 protein is bound to the membrane, glucose can pass through the protein and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion
What is the process called where glut 4 inserts into the membrane
exocytosis
How does glucose enter the cell once glut 4 biund to the membrane
facilitated diffusion
True or false: without the glut 4 receptor, little to no glucose can be taken up by the cell
true
do all cells require insulin to take up glucose
no
what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to ado
-7.3
what is the gibbs free energy value for ADP to AMP
-7.8
what is the gibbs free energy value for atp to AMP
-10.9 (not efficient)
what is the intracellular concentration of potassium
100mm
