Lecture 9- Observation, learning rule

Question 1

Observational learning:

• Observational learning is often referred to as…
• In this way, we learn a behavior simply by BLANK
  others perform it.

Answer 1

• social learning
• watching

Question 2

What is contagious behavior ? What is it important for?
2pts

Answer 2

• More-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior
  triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior
  in another individual.
• important for survival, social interaction, bonding

Question 3

We orient ourselves in the direction that others have oriented.

What concept is this?

Answer 3

Contagious orienting

Question 4

What caused the Tanganyika laughter epidemic ?

What did it result in?

2pts

Answer 4

• stress-induced
• Resulted environmental stress and mass psychogenic illness

Question 5

What is mass psychogenic illness (MPI)?

4pts

Answer 5

• It’s in the minds of the people who show symptoms
• Not causes by something in the environment like food poisoning or a toxin
• Underlying shared stress factor in the population
• Often occurs in a group of people who have little power or control

Question 6

What concept is contagious yawning thought to be associated with?

Answer 6

Theory of mind (TOM)

Question 7

Which area of the brain do we see activity in for contagious yawning?

Answer 7

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 8

What is mirroring?

Answer 8

Behavior where one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern or attitude of another.

Question 9

What is the chameleon effect?

2pts

Answer 9

Non-conscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions and other behaviors of ones interaction partner

• Ones behaviour unintentionally changes to match that of those in their current social environment

Question 10

• Neurons that fire both when an animal BLANK and when
  the animal BLANK the same action performed by
  another.
• The neuron “BLANK” the behavior of the observed
  individual, as though the observer were itself acting.

What are these?

Answer 10

Mirror neurons:
- acts, observes
- “mirrors”

Question 11

The capacity to be aware of, control, and express one’s emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.

What concept is this?

Answer 11

Emotional intelligence

Question 12

Probability of a behavior changes because an individual’s attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behavior of another individual.

What concept is this? Give an example.

Answer 12

Stimulus enhancement:
- Imagine you see someone reach for a new brand of cereal. You are more likely to notice that cereal and consider buying it because you saw someone else interested in it.

Question 13

• Observational learning often involved in development of
  classically…

Stimuli involved are usually BLANK in nature

Answer 13

• Conditioned responses
• emotional

Question 14

Classical conditioning of emotional responses that result
from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others.

What type of conditioning is this?

Give an example.

2pts

Answer 14

Vicarious emotional conditioning

Ex- If your friend is scared of a spider, you might start to feel scared too even if you’ve never felt that way before. This is because you’re learning to associate spiders with fear by watching your friend reaction.

Question 15

What 4 things make us pay attention when in observational learning in operant conditioning?

4pts

Answer 15

• Consequences
• Reinforcement
• Basic skills
• Personal characteristics

Question 16

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning:

Acquisition through observational learning first requires that the observer… to the behavior of the model before they can perform it.

Answer 16

pays attention

Question 17

What is true imitation?

Answer 17

Form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a behavior