Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is the IV and DV?
2pts each
Independent variable:
- Is manipulated by the experimenter
- Systematically varies across different conditions in an experiment
Dependent variable:
- Is measured by the experimenter
- Is dependent on changes in the IV
What is a stimulus?
Anything that can potentially influence behavior
What is the difference between an appetitive and aversive stimulus?
Give 2 examples of each.
4pts
Appetitive stimulus: An event that an organism will seek out (tend to be pleasant)
Ex: food when hungry, water when thirsty
Aversive stimulus: An event than an organism will avoid (tend to be unpleasant)
Ex: extreme cold, electric shock
Motivating operations: What is deprivation vs satiation?
2pts
Deprivation: prolonged absence of an event increases appetitiveness
Satiation: prolonged exposure to an event decreases appetitiveness
How you define a behavior must refer to some observable aspect and be clearly defined.
What does this define?
Operationalization
The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time.
What measurement of behaviour is this:
a) Rate of response
b) Duration
c) Speed
d) Latency
e) Number of errors
Give an example.
a) Rate of response
Ex- Number of times a lever is pressed
The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior.
What measurement of behaviour is this:
a) Rate of response
b) Duration
c) Speed
d) Latency
e) Number of errors
Give an example.
b) Duration
Ex- The amount of time you spend in the shower
How quickly or slowly a behavior occurs, or the rapidity with which one progresses through some type of distance.
What measurement of behaviour is this:
a) Rate of response
b) Duration
c) Speed
d) Latency
e) Number of errors
Give an example.
c) Speed
Ex- Length of time for you to finish reading a chapter
Length of time required for the behavior to begin.
What measurement of behaviour is this:
a) Rate of response
b) Duration
c) Speed
d) Latency
e) Number of errors
Give an example.
d) Latency
Ex- how long it takes you to start reading a book
Measures any behavior in which responses can be categorized as right or wrong.
What measurement of behaviour is this:
a) Rate of response
b) Duration
c) Speed
d) Latency
e) Number of errors
Give an example.
e) Number of errors
Ex- the number of errors you make on an exam
What is descriptive research?
2 methods of descriptive research? Manipulation?
3pts
- Naturalistic observation, case studies
- Involves simply describing the behaviour and the situation within which it occurs
- No manipulation of any variables
What is experimental research?
4pts
- Control group designs or single-subject case studies
- Aim to discover cause and effect relationships between environmental events and behavior
- One or more IV’s and 1 DV
- Experimental group receives some form of manipulation and control group does not receive any manipulation
What are 3 advantages of using animals in research?
What are 2 disadvantages?
- Can control and manipulate their genetic makeup/background
- Can control their learning history
- Can control their experimental environment
Disadvantages:
- Findings may be limited
- Ethically questionable to experiment on animals
When do we use animals instead of humans in research?
When it is unethical to conduct the experiment in humans
