Lecture #3 Flashcards
What is an elicited behavior?
Give examples.
2pts
A behavior that is automatic and involuntary (reflexive)
Ex- blink, startle
What is a fixed action pattern?
Give an example.
4pts
- A sequence of species specific behaviors elicited by a stimulus
- Can often identify a “releaser” stimulus that sets the fixed action pattern into motion
- Sometimes adaptive responses to promote survival
Ex- Dog goes in play posture (head down, bum up, front legs out) in response to its owner pulling out a ball
What is the adaptive response habituation?
Give an example.
3pts
- Is a decrease in strength of an elicited response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
- We tend to habituate to irrelevant and low intensity stimuli.
Ex- Habituation to the sound of a fan or smell of a bonfire
What is the adaptive response sensitization?
Give an example
3pts
Is an enhancement of a response following repeated presentation of a novel (usually noxious) stimuli
- We tend to become sensitive to extremely relevant and high intensity stimuli
Ex- Hearing branches snapping in the woods
Is this habituation or sensitization?
Alerts us to small, possibly dangerous, changes in our environment.
Sensitization
What is classical conditioning?
3pts
- Involuntary behavior
- The environment induces a change in behaviour
- Reflexive behavior is paired with a new stimulus, which then can elicit the response
Who created classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s Flies and linking behavior to neuronal plasticity:
Fill in the blanks.
Learning must reflect a BLANK underlying BLANK BLANK
What is the essential role of certain genes?
What type of task did he use, what were the 4 components (US, UC, CS, CR)
What was the conclusion of this Genetic knock-out flies (Drosophilia) experiment?
5pts
common, cellular plasticity
- essential role of particular genes in learning and memory
- Olfactory avoidance task (odor-shock avoidance task)
–> US: shock
–> UC: pain
–> NS/CS: odor 1
–> CR: avoidance
Conclusion: CREB is a transcription factor and is critical for long-term memory
What are the 4 components of the experiment through the Pavlov dog salivation experiment?
Unconditioned stimulus (USC/US): stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response (food)
Unconditioned response (UCR/UR): unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivating)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): originally irrelevant stimulus/neutral stimulus that, after associated with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger the unconditioned response (bell or metronome)
Conditioned response (CR): learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (salivating)
CREB-deficient mutant flies are impaired in forming an BLANK-BLANK memory (olfactory avoidance task).
odor-discriminating memory
Excitatory Conditioning vs inhibitory conditioning?
What is the excitatory CS labeled as?
The NS is associated with the presence/absence of a US
Excitatory CS: CS+
Inhibitory CS: CS-
What are the 4 ways to temporally arrange the presentation of the NS and the US:
Which is the best arrangement for conditioning and which is the least effective ?
4pts
Delayed conditioning: NS (tone) then US (shock) slight overlap towards the end of the NS
–> Best arrangement
Trace conditioning : Slight delay, NS (tone) then a slight pause then US (shock)
Simultaneous conditioning: NS (tone) and US (shock) delivered at the same time
Backward conditioning: US (shock) delivered first then slight overlap with the delivery of the NS (tone)
–> Least effective arrangement
What is the theory of motivation/emotion: Opponent Process Theory ?
Give 3 examples.
3pts
- Emotions work in pairs
An environmental event elicits a response (process-a) which then elicits a compensatory response (process-b) which serves to counteract process-a
Example:
- happy-sad
- fear-relief
- pain-pleasure
Tolerance
2pts
Decreased sensitivity to a drug after repeated exposure to the drug
(require more of the drug to get the same effect)
- Reductions in amount of drug reaching site of action.
- Liver begins to produce more enzymes to metabolize drugs you take often.
What concept is this?
Metabolic Tolerance
Reduced reactivity to drug at site of action.
Over time, receptors begin to change in number to accommodate the drug effect – as your body seeks to maintain a homeostasis.
What concept is this?
Functional tolerance
Drug/alcohol, club/party (place, noise, smell), drunk/having a good time
What is the US, NS/CS and UR
Drug alcohol: US
Environment: NS/CS
Drunk having a good time: UR
