Lecture #1

Question 1

What is behaviour?

Answer 1

Any activity of an organism that can be observed and measured

Question 2

Assigning a definition to a concept so that it can be quantified and tested.

What concept is this?

Answer 2

Operationalize/operational definition

Question 3

What is learning?

2pts

Answer 3

A change in behaviour that results from some type of experience

• The change in behaviour may be delayed

Question 4

Types of learning- What is operant conditioning?

2pts

Answer 4

-The strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as a result of its consequences

• These behaviours are voluntary or goal directed

Question 4

Types of learning- What is classical conditioning?

3pts

Answer 4

Classical conditioning: A process by which certain inborn behaviours are produced in new situations

• These behaviours are reflexive and involuntary
• These reflexive behaviours are paired with a new stimulus which then can elicit the response

Question 5

Dog salivating in response to food.

What type of conditioning?

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Question 6

A rat presses a lever for food

What type of conditioning?

Answer 6

Operant conditioning

Question 7

In sum classical vs operant conditioning:

BLANK induces a change in the BLANK

BLANK induces a change in the BLANK

Answer 7

Classical conditioning:
Environment (i.e. something around you) induces a change in behaviour

Operant conditioning: Behaviour induces a change in the environment.

Question 8

An association is learned between two stimuli or a behaviour and a stimulus.

What type of learning is this?

Answer 8

Associative learning

Question 9

Observing a model’s behavior, which facilitates the development of similar behavior in an observer.

What type of learning is this?

Answer 9

Observational learning

Question 10

What is the nativist (nature) concept?

1pt

Answer 10

Assumes that a person’s abilities and behavioral tendencies are largely inborn

Question 11

What is the empiricist (nurture) concept?

1pt

Answer 11

Assumes that a persons abilities and tendencies are mostly learned through experience

Question 12

What are Aristotle’s 4 Laws of Associations?

Answer 12

1. Law of similarity: Similar events/stimuli are readily associated
2. Law of contrast: Opposite events/stimuli are readily associated
3. Law of contiguity: events/stimuli that occur close in time (temporally contiguous) are readily associated

events/stimuli that occur close in space (spatially contiguous) are readily associated

4. Law of frequency: The more frequently two events/stimuli are paired, the more strongly they are associated

Question 13

What is Watson’s methodological behaviorism?

Who came up with it?

4pts

Answer 13

• The study of environmental influences on observable behaviour
• Ignored internal thoughts, feelings and drives
• He believed there was a stimulus from an environment and a specific behaviour (a response)

-Stimulus-response (S-R) theory

Question 14

Simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations.

What concept is this and who came up with it?

Answer 14

Law of Parsimony

Rene Descartes

Question 15

What was Hull’s Neobehaviorism?

2pts

Answer 15

• S-R theory but with “intervening variables such as internal physiological processes like hunger and fatigue
• Stimulus from the environment –> intervening variables/internal events (internal physiological processes like hunger and fatigue) –> Observable behavior

Question 16

What was banduras social learning Theory?

1pts

Answer 16

People can learn through observation

Question 17

What was Tolman’s cognitive behaviorism ?

3pts

Answer 17

-Environmental stimulus–> internal cognitive processes such as expectations and hypotheses –> Observable behavior

• Argued that behavior is broadly goal directed
• Disagreed with Watson and Hull

Question 18

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism?

2pts

Answer 18

• Emphasizes the influence of the environment on behaviour
• Rejects the use of internal events to explain behaviour

Question 19

Who believed that genes have a great impact on behavior and that behavior was influenced by an interaction between genes and the environment.

Answer 19

Skinner