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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 9: Motor Control, Basal Nuclei, and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Motor Control, Basal Nuclei, and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

function/purpose of thalamus

A

relay center for all functions of nervous system

functional integration

consists of multiple nuclei and projects to different cerebral corex

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2
Q

Where does the anterior thalmic nuclei project to

A

limbic lobe

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3
Q

where does the VA nucleus project to

A

SMA and other parts of frontal lobe

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4
Q

where does the VL nucleus get info from

A

substantia nigra input

oral part = PM, mainly from basal nuclei

caudal part = M1, mainly from cerebellum

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5
Q

function of centromedian nucleus

A

gate keeper of thalamus

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6
Q

where does the dorsal medial nucleus project to

A

limbic system

emotion

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7
Q

purpose of common projectsions with other thalamic nuclei

A

modulating functions

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8
Q

parts of the basal nuclei that develop from telencephalon

A

caudate
nucleus accumbens
putamen
globus pallidus
- external/lateral segment
- internal/medial segment

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9
Q

part of basal nuclei that develops from diencephalon

A

subthalamic nucleus

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10
Q

part of basal nuclei that develops from mesencephalon/midbrain

A

substantia nigra
- pars compacta (posterior)
- pars reticulata (anterior)

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11
Q

general functions fo the basal nuclei

A

psychomotor functions
- aka extrapyramidal motor system: name is misleading but still under use; not directly in motor functions

  • modulating motor loops for planning, coordinaiton, and execution (i.e. body movement loop and oculomotor loop)

cognition

emotion

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12
Q

the basal nuclei recieves afferent info from what structures

A

cerebral cortex - whole cortices/all functions

thalamus- parafascicualr nucleus (medial centromedian nucleus)

pars compacts of substantia nigra: not strictly an afferent

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13
Q

main visceral pain pathway from the thalamus to basal nuclei

A

archispinal tract

functions not fully defined

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14
Q

Type of info sent to thalamus from pars compacta of substantia nagar

A

Efferent and afferent

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15
Q

what portions of the basal nuclei send efferent signals and where do they send signals to

A

internal segment of globus pallidus and pars reticulata of substantia nigra

signals to VL/VA nuclei = body motor function

signals to superior colliculus = eye movement functions

**spatiotemporal innervation = basic pattern for neural circuit function

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16
Q

from where do medium spiny neurons recieve afferent info

A

pyramidal cells send orders from cerebral cortex

neurons from parafascicular nucleus

substantia nigra pars compacta: modulate the direct and indirect paths

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16
Q

what/where are medium spiny neurons

A

gate keepers of basal nuclei system

mainly in striatum of basal nuclei

type of interneuron

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17
Q

where do medium spiny neurons send efferent info to

A

GPi: direct/indirect

Pars reticulata pathways (SNpr)

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18
Q

describe the direct pathway of the basal nuclei

A

cerebral cortex projects to striatum via glutamate

striatum projects to globus pallidus internal via GABA

GPi projects to VA/VL thalamic nuclei via GABA

VA/VL projects back to cerebral cortex via glutamate

Total function = phasic activation of cortex; initiating and increasing activities

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19
Q

describe the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei

A

cerebral cortex projects to striatum via glutamate

striatum projects to globus pallidus external segment via GABA

GPe projects to subthalamic nucleus via GABA

subthalamic nucleus projects to internal segment via glutamate

internal segment projects to VA/VL thalamic nuclei via GABA

VA/VL projects back to the cortex via glutamate

total function = tonically inhibition of cerebral cortex; ending/inhibiting activities

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20
Q

describe how direct and indirect pathways work in a sort of parallel processing

A

multiple acon terminals with temporal and spatial regulation

direct path = activating WANTED programs
-convergence projection: multiple medium spiny neurons vs single neuron in GPi

indirect path = inhibiting UNWANTED programs
-divergence projection: single medium spiny neuron vs multiple neurons in GPi

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21
Q

what type of neurons are found in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)

A

dopaminergic neurons

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22
Q

what is the nigrostriatal pathway; describe it

A

Substantia Niagara pars compacta projects to the striatum

activates direct path = initiating/increasing activities
- medium spiny neurons with D1 receptors for dopamine

inhibites indirect path = ending decreasing activities
- medium spiny neurons with D2 receptors for dopamine

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23
Q

what is the hyper direct pathway

A

cerebral cortex directly activates subthalamic nucleus

24
what is the super direct pathway
parafascicular nucleus directly activate subthalamic nucleus provides major sub thalamic excitatory input
25
what is the GPe-GPi pathway
branch from indirect pathway neutralize inhibition by GPe
26
total function of enhancement pathways
enhanced general inhibition of cerebral cortex inhibition by GPi is TONIC inhibiton from left lateral prefrontal cortex is essential for functional execution
27
describe the pathophysiology of parkinsons
death of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc decreased excitatory effects on direct path increased inhibitory effects on indirect path total effect = difficult to initiate wanted activities with extra unwanted activities
28
describe what hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic S&S of parkinsons may look like
hypokinetic = decreased direct path activation - wanted programs are decreased/inhibitied - Akinesia = rigidity/bradykinesia hyperkinetic = decreased indirect pathway inhibition - unwanted programs are increased/activated -dyskinesia = unique resting tremor (pin rolling), tardive dyskinesia
29
ways to clincally manage parkinsons
PT MD treatment = L-dopa, crossing BBB surgical: - pallidotomy/VL or VA removal- unexpectedly effective - deep brain stimulation- subthalamic electrode placement combination of treatment = more effective wanted motor functions
30
describe what occurs with deep brain stimulation
placement location to modulate indirect pathways = late stage of disorders GPi/subthalamic nucleus/parafascicular nucleus are targeted bilateral placement effective with unknown mechanisms: contradictory to the function of those nuclei
31
How much of Huntington's disease is genetically related
100% mutation of huntingtin gene autosomal dominant chromosome 4
32
when do you start to see symptoms for Huntington’s? Major presentation? S&S?
around 30-50 chorea is the major presentation: indirect path lost at GPe lost inhibition = personality changes, cognition, and emotion
33
survival after huntingtons disease
10-20 years after diagnosis
34
what happens in the brain with huntingtons
general atrophy of the brain basal nuclei atrophy caudate is the most prominent loss
35
what is Hemiballismus
unilateral subthalamic nucleus is impaired = loss if indirect pathway increased contralateral unwanted motor programs = lateralization
36
describe the projection of the basal nuclei system in relation to oculomotor control
frontal eye field projects to caudate and causes glutamate release caudate projects to substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNpr) and causes GABA release SNpr projects to superior colliculus and causes GABA release total effect = disinhibit tonic inhibition of SNpr on superior colliculus nuclei for eye movement
37
how active is the basal nuclei system in EARLY learning phase
increased activity most active in decision making = turning point
38
how active is the basal nuclei system in LATE learning phase
decreased basal nuclei activities only active during initiating and ending activities learned programs are stored as an "APP" (MEMORY)
39
afferent pathway of cerebellum
goes to both nuclei and cerebellar cortex
40
fibers involved with cerebellar afferent signals
climbing = to sagittal plane purkinje dendritic tree in molecular layer mossy = to granular layer then parallel fibers in coronal plane to purkinje dendritic tree multilayer = to all 3 cortical layers with different neurotransmitters
41
what fibers send efferent signals from cerebellum
purkinje cells via GABA
42
where do purkinje cells send efferent info from cerebellum
to cerebellar nuclei (fastigial, interposed, and dentate) vestibular nuclei (lateral nucleus- functionally separate from fastigial)
43
important afferent pathways form cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex to contralateral cerebellum spinal cord to spinocerebellum via ips inferior cerebellar peduncle vestibular to vestibulocerebellum vis ips inferior cerebellar peduncle
44
what regions/relays are involved in the afferent pathway of cerebral cortex to contralateral cerebellum
pons relay through pontine nuclei and basilar pons red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus then to cerebellar cortex via climbing fibers
45
ascending portion of efferent components in the superior cerebellar peduncle
VL for M1
46
horizontal communication involved in efferent components of superior cerebellar peduncle
red nucleus to rubrospinal tract AND inferior olivary nucleus tectal nucleus to tectospinal tract superior colliculus for oculomotor functions
47
what are the purposes of the spinocerebellum in motor control
spinocerebellum to ipislateral superior colliculus = for oculomotor control at superior cerebellar peduncle spinocerebellum goes through superior colliculus to RF at the inferior cerebellar peduncle - from there pons and medulla reticulospinal tract control posture and proximal extremity muscle control
48
purpose of vestibulocerebellum in motor control
inferior cerebellar peduncle sends signal to vestibular nuclei lateral vestibulospinal tract = ipsilateral VSR and proximal extremity control medial vestibulospinal tract = ipsilayeral VCR for head position/eye movement control
49
describe the feedback control system involved in coordination
slow movements = posture control new skill learning = trial and errord
50
describe the feedforward control system involved in coordination
used with learned skills fast movements; saccades of eyes
51
mechanism of intention tremor of a normal subject
antagosists slightly lag similar forces braking agonists correctly
52
mechanism of intention tremor in patients with cerebrocerebellar function impaired
antagonists lag obviously stronger forces involved agonists need to contract again followed by antagonists intention tremor is induced
53
describe prism learning in pts with and without cerebellar injury
without = dart throwing affected at beginning with prism glasses but pt adapts fast; - trend of learning wiht prism on - pt can revert after removing glasses with injury = no adaptation; perform motion learned in the past - no trend of learning with prism
54
what happens if there is damage to inferior olivary nucleus/cerebellar nuclei
difficulty learning motor skills mainly through encoding but not much consolidation/retrieval
55
what is retrograde tracing
involves looking at the reciprocal projections between the basal nuclei and cerebellum circuits
56
what happened when rabies viral vector was injected into striatum
projected to thalamus and traced to dentate nucleus
57
what happened when rabies viral vector was injected into cerebellar cortex
projected to pontine nucleus traced to subthalamic nucleus different systems but be coordinated

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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