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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 1: structure and map of nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 1: structure and map of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

In an electromicroscopy image, what is indicated by the “face”, “eyes/nose/mouth” and “braid”

A

face = myelin sheath
eyes/nose/mouth = mitochondria
braid = root from oligodendrocyte

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2
Q

importance of learning neuro biology

A

dissection of motions

discerning normal and abnormal daily motions

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3
Q

examples of normal daily functions neurobiology helps us understand

A

perception of sensory info in environment

stopping/initiating a motion

controlling a motion

“subconsciousness with APPs written by nervous system”

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4
Q

examples of abnormal daily functions

A

stroke
TBI
SCI
MS/GBS
peripheral neuropathy
MSK malfunction

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5
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

voluntary nervous system and walls of cavities and limbs

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6
Q

what does the autonomic nervous syetm control

A

appendage organs in cavities

can invade into somatic components (i.e. sweat glands/arrector pili/blood vessels in skeletal muscle)

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7
Q

difference between somatic vs visceral motor systems

A

Somatic = 1 cell system; cell is in CNS

visceral = 2 cell system; 1st cell in CNS, 2nd in PNS ganglia

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8
Q

nucleus vs ganglion

A

nucleus = cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS

ganglion = cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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9
Q

functional units of the CNS and PNS called

A

neuron

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10
Q

what are the different parts of the neuron

A

some = cell body

dendrites = extension from soma

axon: long part, hillock connects with soma

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11
Q

how many somas, dendrites, and axons are in a neuron

A

1 soma
0-numerous dendrites
1 axon with multiple terminals

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12
Q

what is the supportive unit of the CNS and the PNS called

A

glia

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13
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelin sheath that can cover multiple axons

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14
Q

function of astrocytes

A

nutrition
glymphatic drainage (of fluid between neurons)

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15
Q

function of microglia

A

immune surveillance

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16
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

lining of ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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17
Q

describe how the neuron functional unit of the PNS can be different

A

dorsal root ganglia CAN have 2 axons

visceral motor ganglionic neurons still are multipolar

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18
Q

describe the supportive units of the PNS

A

schwann cells: functions in myelin sheath and microglial; embedded in a SINGLE axon

satellite cells: specialized schwann cells; wrap the ganglionic soma (wrap myelin around whole cell body to protect)

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19
Q

which visceral organs invade into somatic walls

A

blood vessels

arrector pili

sweat glands

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20
Q

what are the 3 germ layers during embryonic development

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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21
Q

what does the mesoderm form

A

notochord - axis of development

somites - form muslces/bones/dermis

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22
Q

what does the notochord denegerate into

A

nucleous pulposus of intervertebral disc

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23
Q

what do expanding somites become in embryonic development

A

fold dorsally and become the driving force to form the nervous system by the ectoderm

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24
Q

the ectoderm folds to form what

A

neural plate and groove

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25
closing of the ectoderm forms what
neural tube and neural crest
26
cranial nerve pore closing is important for what? what would lack of closure result in?
important for brain development lack of closure results in anencephaly
27
caudal neural pore closure is important for what? lack of closure results in?
important for development of spinal cord no closure = spina bifida
28
the neural crest migrates into what
the whole embryo forms PNS and other structures (cranium, cardiac septum, etc)
29
30
prosencephalon forms what portion of the brain
forebrain
30
what regions develop from the prosencephalon
telencephalon diencephalon
30
where is the optical vesicle that connects the retina to CN II
diencephalon
31
what portion of the brain does the mesencephalon form
midbrain
32
what portion of the brain does the rhombencephalon form
hind brain
33
what regions stem from the rhombencephalon
metencephalon and myelencephalon
34
what parts of the brain form from the metencephalon
pons cerebellum
35
what parts of the brain form from the myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
36
what is a gyrus/gyri
ridge in the cortex of the brain
37
what is a sulcus/sulci
grooves between gyri
38
what does the longitudinal fissure separate
right and left hemispheres
39
what does the transverse fissure separate
cerebrum/cerebellum
40
are there 2 brains that are the same
nope
41
a cross or transverse section splits the brain how
superior and inferior
42
in an inferior view of the brain, how do you see R and L
opposite of yours
43
a coronal section separates the brain how
anterior and posterior
44
in an anterior how do you see R and L
opposite of yours
45
a sagittal section separates the brain how
right and left
46
what is white in a T1 MRI
FAT
47
what is white in a T2 MRI
fat AND water
48
what is a CT
X-ray based technique density dependent high density = white, low = black CANT SEE FINE STRUCTURES
49
The forebrain contains what components of the brain
cerebrum/telencephalon diencephalon
50
the hind brain contains what components
pons cerebellum medulla oblongata
51
where is the olfactory bulb/tract
frontal lobe
52
name the lobes of the brain
frontal parietal temporal occipital limbic insular
53
where is the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
54
where is the primary sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus on the parietal lobe
55
where is the primary auditory cortex
superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe
56
where is the primary visual cortex located
occipital lobe
57
what is gray matter made up of
somata and dendrites of neurons
58
what makes up the superficial vs deep gray matter
cortex is the superficial gray matter; serves as covering for deep structures nuclei and thalami as well as other structures make up the deep gray matter
59
what makes up white matter in the brain
myelinated AND unmyelinated axonal bundles
60
what are association fibers
neighboring gyri in the SAME hemisphere long association fibers are interlobar fibers
61
what is the commisure/corpus callosum
cross talking between 2 hemispheres
62
what are projection fibers
cerebral cortex to/from other subcortical CNS structures
63
what are efferent vs afferent neurons
efferent are axonal bundles to communicate with other structures afferent are axonal bundles from other structures
64
does the corticospinal tract act as afferent or efferent axons
efferent from the cortex but afferent for the spinal cord ventral horns
65
function of the left hemisphere
language (understand and express) analytical thought details sequences rational math/science logic right sided motor/visual skills
66
function of the right hemisphere
spatial orientation emotion prosody of language intuitive thought non-verbal creative writing/art impulse holistic perception left sided motor/visual skills
67
what are the 6 components of the basal nuclei
caudate nucleus accumbens putamen globus pallidus subthalmic nucleus substantia nigra
68
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus subthalamus
69
where does the CN II (optic n) originate
diencephalon
70
what forms the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
thalamus
71
what forms the anterolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
hypothalamus
72
what gland is found in the epithalamus
pineal gland
73
what creates the rostral boundary of the midbrain
mamillary body anterior and posterior commissure posteriorly
74
what is the cerebral peduncle
projection fibers from the cerebral cortex
75
what is the superior colliculus and what CN originates
contains visual pathway origination of CN III, oculomotor n
76
what is the inferior colliculus and what CN originates
contains auditory pathway origination of CN IV, trochlear n (only CN that attaches posterior to the brain stem)
77
the inferior colliculus forms what boundaries
caudal boundary of the midbrain and the rostral boundary for the pons
78
what part of the brain is the cerebral aqueduct found in
midbrain
79
components of the midbrain
mamillary body posterior commissure cerebral peduncle superior colliculus inferior colliculus cerebral aqueduct
80
what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle
pons
81
where do most cerebral cortical projection fibers end
pons
82
where does the CN V, trigeminal nerve originate
middle and lateral pons
83
what CNs originate at the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, abducens CN VII, facial n CN VIII, vestibulocochlear
84
what creates the caudal and rostral boundary of the medulla
pontomedullary junction
85
what is the medullary pyramid
decussation of the corticospinal tract
86
where does CN XII, hypoglossal originate
medullary pyramid
87
what CNs originate in the olive of the medulla oblongata
CN IX, glossopharyngeal n CN X, vagus n
88
what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle and the central canal
medulla oblongata
89
what creates the caudal and rostral boundary of the spinal cord
foramen magnum
90
where does CN XI, spinal accessory n C1-C5 originate
spinal cord
91
where is the cerebellum located
posterior to pons and medulla oblongata
92
what forms the roof of the 4th ventricle
cerebellum
93
what locations does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem
at midbrain = superior cerebellar peduncle (efferent) at pons = cerebellar peduncle (afferent) at medulla oblongata = inferior cerebellar peduncle (afferent)

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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