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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 1: structure and map of nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 1: structure and map of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

In an electromicroscopy image, what is indicated by the “face”, “eyes/nose/mouth” and “braid”

A

face = myelin sheath
eyes/nose/mouth = mitochondria
braid = root from oligodendrocyte

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2
Q

importance of learning neuro biology

A

dissection of motions

discerning normal and abnormal daily motions

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3
Q

examples of normal daily functions neurobiology helps us understand

A

perception of sensory info in environment

stopping/initiating a motion

controlling a motion

“subconsciousness with APPs written by nervous system”

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4
Q

examples of abnormal daily functions

A

stroke
TBI
SCI
MS/GBS
peripheral neuropathy
MSK malfunction

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5
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

voluntary nervous system and walls of cavities and limbs

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6
Q

what does the autonomic nervous syetm control

A

appendage organs in cavities

can invade into somatic components (i.e. sweat glands/arrector pili/blood vessels in skeletal muscle)

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7
Q

difference between somatic vs visceral motor systems

A

Somatic = 1 cell system; cell is in CNS

visceral = 2 cell system; 1st cell in CNS, 2nd in PNS ganglia

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8
Q

nucleus vs ganglion

A

nucleus = cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS

ganglion = cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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9
Q

functional units of the CNS and PNS called

A

neuron

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10
Q

what are the different parts of the neuron

A

some = cell body

dendrites = extension from soma

axon: long part, hillock connects with soma

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11
Q

how many somas, dendrites, and axons are in a neuron

A

1 soma
0-numerous dendrites
1 axon with multiple terminals

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12
Q

what is the supportive unit of the CNS and the PNS called

A

glia

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13
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelin sheath that can cover multiple axons

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14
Q

function of astrocytes

A

nutrition
glymphatic drainage (of fluid between neurons)

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15
Q

function of microglia

A

immune surveillance

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16
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

lining of ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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17
Q

describe how the neuron functional unit of the PNS can be different

A

dorsal root ganglia CAN have 2 axons

visceral motor ganglionic neurons still are multipolar

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18
Q

describe the supportive units of the PNS

A

schwann cells: functions in myelin sheath and microglial; embedded in a SINGLE axon

satellite cells: specialized schwann cells; wrap the ganglionic soma (wrap myelin around whole cell body to protect)

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19
Q

which visceral organs invade into somatic walls

A

blood vessels

arrector pili

sweat glands

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20
Q

what are the 3 germ layers during embryonic development

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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21
Q

what does the mesoderm form

A

notochord - axis of development

somites - form muslces/bones/dermis

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22
Q

what does the notochord denegerate into

A

nucleous pulposus of intervertebral disc

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23
Q

what do expanding somites become in embryonic development

A

fold dorsally and become the driving force to form the nervous system by the ectoderm

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24
Q

the ectoderm folds to form what

A

neural plate and groove

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25
Q

closing of the ectoderm forms what

A

neural tube and neural crest

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26
Q

cranial nerve pore closing is important for what? what would lack of closure result in?

A

important for brain development

lack of closure results in anencephaly

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27
Q

caudal neural pore closure is important for what? lack of closure results in?

A

important for development of spinal cord

no closure = spina bifida

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28
Q

the neural crest migrates into what

A

the whole embryo

forms PNS and other structures (cranium, cardiac septum, etc)

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

prosencephalon forms what portion of the brain

A

forebrain

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30
Q

what regions develop from the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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30
Q

where is the optical vesicle that connects the retina to CN II

A

diencephalon

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31
Q

what portion of the brain does the mesencephalon form

A

midbrain

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32
Q

what portion of the brain does the rhombencephalon form

A

hind brain

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33
Q

what regions stem from the rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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34
Q

what parts of the brain form from the metencephalon

A

pons
cerebellum

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35
Q

what parts of the brain form from the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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36
Q

what is a gyrus/gyri

A

ridge in the cortex of the brain

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37
Q

what is a sulcus/sulci

A

grooves between gyri

38
Q

what does the longitudinal fissure separate

A

right and left hemispheres

39
Q

what does the transverse fissure separate

A

cerebrum/cerebellum

40
Q

are there 2 brains that are the same

A

nope

41
Q

a cross or transverse section splits the brain how

A

superior and inferior

42
Q

in an inferior view of the brain, how do you see R and L

A

opposite of yours

43
Q

a coronal section separates the brain how

A

anterior and posterior

44
Q

in an anterior how do you see R and L

A

opposite of yours

45
Q

a sagittal section separates the brain how

A

right and left

46
Q

what is white in a T1 MRI

A

FAT

47
Q

what is white in a T2 MRI

A

fat AND water

48
Q

what is a CT

A

X-ray based technique

density dependent

high density = white, low = black

CANT SEE FINE STRUCTURES

49
Q

The forebrain contains what components of the brain

A

cerebrum/telencephalon

diencephalon

50
Q

the hind brain contains what components

A

pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata

51
Q

where is the olfactory bulb/tract

A

frontal lobe

52
Q

name the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
insular

53
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

54
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus on the parietal lobe

55
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

56
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

occipital lobe

57
Q

what is gray matter made up of

A

somata and dendrites of neurons

58
Q

what makes up the superficial vs deep gray matter

A

cortex is the superficial gray matter; serves as covering for deep structures

nuclei and thalami as well as other structures make up the deep gray matter

59
Q

what makes up white matter in the brain

A

myelinated AND unmyelinated axonal bundles

60
Q

what are association fibers

A

neighboring gyri in the SAME hemisphere

long association fibers are interlobar fibers

61
Q

what is the commisure/corpus callosum

A

cross talking between 2 hemispheres

62
Q

what are projection fibers

A

cerebral cortex to/from other subcortical CNS structures

63
Q

what are efferent vs afferent neurons

A

efferent are axonal bundles to communicate with other structures

afferent are axonal bundles from other structures

64
Q

does the corticospinal tract act as afferent or efferent axons

A

efferent from the cortex but afferent for the spinal cord ventral horns

65
Q

function of the left hemisphere

A

language (understand and express)
analytical thought
details
sequences
rational
math/science
logic
right sided motor/visual skills

66
Q

function of the right hemisphere

A

spatial orientation
emotion
prosody of language
intuitive thought
non-verbal
creative
writing/art
impulse
holistic perception
left sided motor/visual skills

67
Q

what are the 6 components of the basal nuclei

A

caudate
nucleus accumbens
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalmic nucleus
substantia nigra

68
Q

what structures make up the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

69
Q

where does the CN II (optic n) originate

A

diencephalon

70
Q

what forms the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

thalamus

71
Q

what forms the anterolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

what gland is found in the epithalamus

A

pineal gland

73
Q

what creates the rostral boundary of the midbrain

A

mamillary body anterior and posterior commissure posteriorly

74
Q

what is the cerebral peduncle

A

projection fibers from the cerebral cortex

75
Q

what is the superior colliculus and what CN originates

A

contains visual pathway

origination of CN III, oculomotor n

76
Q

what is the inferior colliculus and what CN originates

A

contains auditory pathway

origination of CN IV, trochlear n (only CN that attaches posterior to the brain stem)

77
Q

the inferior colliculus forms what boundaries

A

caudal boundary of the midbrain and the rostral boundary for the pons

78
Q

what part of the brain is the cerebral aqueduct found in

A

midbrain

79
Q

components of the midbrain

A

mamillary body
posterior commissure
cerebral peduncle
superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle

A

pons

81
Q

where do most cerebral cortical projection fibers end

A

pons

82
Q

where does the CN V, trigeminal nerve originate

A

middle and lateral pons

83
Q

what CNs originate at the pontomedullary junction

A

CN VI, abducens
CN VII, facial n
CN VIII, vestibulocochlear

84
Q

what creates the caudal and rostral boundary of the medulla

A

pontomedullary junction

85
Q

what is the medullary pyramid

A

decussation of the corticospinal tract

86
Q

where does CN XII, hypoglossal originate

A

medullary pyramid

87
Q

what CNs originate in the olive of the medulla oblongata

A

CN IX, glossopharyngeal n
CN X, vagus n

88
Q

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle and the central canal

A

medulla oblongata

89
Q

what creates the caudal and rostral boundary of the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

90
Q

where does CN XI, spinal accessory n C1-C5 originate

A

spinal cord

91
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior to pons and medulla oblongata

92
Q

what forms the roof of the 4th ventricle

A

cerebellum

93
Q

what locations does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem

A

at midbrain = superior cerebellar peduncle (efferent)

at pons = cerebellar peduncle (afferent)

at medulla oblongata = inferior cerebellar peduncle (afferent)

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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