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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 3: Forebrain- telencephalon and diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Forebrain- telencephalon and diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the boundary of the forebrain

A

brain structures above the line if mamillary body and posterior commissure

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2
Q

2 main components of the forebrain and their sub-components

A

telencephalon
-cerebral cortex
-deep nuclei (4 components of basal nuclei)
-amygdala
-hippocampus

diencephalon
-thalamic family
-1 component of basal nuclei (thalamus)

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3
Q

describe the cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

2-4 mm thick

define cognititve capacities

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4
Q

describe the neocortex

A

develops late

6 layers

most of the visible cerebral lobes

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5
Q

describe the allocortex

A

components are in the limbic lobe or limbic system

less than 6 layers

made up of paleocortex and archicortex

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6
Q

what is in the paleocortex

A

olfactory complex

amygdala

3-5 layers

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7
Q

what is the archicortex

A

contains hippocampus

only 3 layers

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8
Q

describe the cytoarchitecture (layers) of the neocortex

A

I = molecular; almost no neurons
II = external granular
III = external pyramidal layer
IV = internal granular layer
V = internal pyramidal layer
VI = multiform layer

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9
Q

which cortices are thicker vs thinner

A

motor = thicker/agranular

sensory = thinner/granular

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10
Q

what are the main types of neurons in the neocortex

A

pyramidal cells and interneurons

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11
Q

describe pyramidal cells

A

pyramid shaped somata

dendrites ascend to layer 1

vary in size

release glutamate/aspartate neurotransmitter : excitatory

larges = Betz cells in M1

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12
Q

interneurons process what type of info? What neurotransmitters do they use?

A

process afferent info

excitatory = glutamate/aspartate neurotransmitter

inhibitory = GABA (inhibit pyramidal cells?)

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13
Q

Number of Brodmann’s areas in each hemisphere

A

1~52

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14
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for M1

A

area 4

precentral gyrus

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15
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for S1

A

areas 3, 1, 2

postcentral gyrus

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16
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for V1

A

area 17

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17
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for A1

A

area 41

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18
Q

what is broca’s area

A

corresponds to Brodmann’s area 44, 45 in L hemisphere

important for language production

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19
Q

what is wernicke’s area

A

corresponds to Brodmann’s area 22 in L hemisphere

important for language comprehension

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20
Q

what are Brodmann’s areas 44, 45 and 22 important for in the R HEMISPHERE

A

corresponding areas to Broca’s and Wernicke’s

important for language prosody

inflection of voice/speech

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21
Q

what is a unimodal association cortex

A

adjacent to respective primary cortex (i.e. motor association is adj to M1)

location of memory to the associated primary cortex

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22
Q

what is a multimodal association cortex

A

bidirectional communication with sensory and motor association cortex

important for metacognition and integration

puts all functions together

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23
Q

what is the limbic cortex important for

A

drives emotions and memory

will discuss more in depth later

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24
Q

what is a minicolumn in the neocortex

A

50 micrometers diameter

100 neurons

basic functional unit

contains all 6 layers of the neocortex

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25
Q

describe columnar integration of the neocortex

A

pyramidal cells at center modulated by other pyramidal cells, interneurons, and axonal bundles (communicating fibers)

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26
Q

difference between cortical interneurons and subcortical interneurons

A

cortical = localized

subcortical = long distance

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27
Q

how do axonal bundles communicate in the neocortex

A

both vertically and transversely

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28
Q

what are the inner and outer bands of Baillarger

A

outer is from thalamus

inner is to other CNS locations

important role in columnar communication

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29
Q

communication role of layers I-III in the neocortex

A

fibers are mainly efferent (sending out)

association fibers = in same hemisphere

commissural fibers = between hemispheres (some commissural fibers in laters V and VI too)

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30
Q

communication role of layers IV-VI in the neocortex

A

projection fibers

afferent from thalamus to cortex in LAYER IV

afferent diffuse from subcortical projections to all laters with general modulating functions

efferent from cortex to other subcortical CNS structures in LAYER V and VI

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31
Q

short vs long association fibers

A

short = arcuate loops that communicate with coordinating adjacent gyri

long = connecting lobes of the same hemisphere/integrating gyri

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32
Q

what does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect

A

connects frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes

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33
Q

what does the arcuate fasciculus connect

A

frontal and temporal lobes

broca and wernicke

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34
Q

what does the uncinate fasciculus connect

A

oribitofrontal lobe and temporal lobe (limbic system)

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35
Q

what does the cingulum connect

A

connects cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus (limbic system)

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36
Q

commisure fibers mainly connect what

A

homologous areas of 2 hemispheres

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37
Q

what does the anterior commissure connect

A

part of bilateral olfactory pathways and temporal lobes

38
Q

what does the posterior commissure connect

A

part of bilateral visual pathways for pupillary reflex

39
Q

axonal bundles bridge what structures

A

cerebral cortex and subcortical CNS structures

40
Q

describe how sensory signals travel/are mediated

A

afferent fibers mostly mediated by thalamus except for olfactory

somatic sensory pathways

special/visceral sensory pathways

41
Q

What pathways assist with coordination and planning

A

cortico-basal nuclei tract

cortico-pontine tract (MOST OF THE EFFERENT FIBERS

42
Q

describe the motor control pathways/axonal bundles for communication

A

corticobulbar/corticonuclear tract = EFFERENT fibers to brainstem

corticospinal tract = EFFERENT fibers to spinal cord

43
Q

describe how projection fibers funnel through the internal capsule

A

projection fibers entering/leaving cerebral cortex form tracts

tracts pass between basal nuclei components and basal nuclei/thalamus

projection fibers are organized topographically

44
Q

Describe the basal nuclei in the telencephalon and their corresponding “tad pole” structures

A

head = putamen
neck = nucleus accumbens
body and tail = caudate
medial to putamen = globus pallidus

45
Q

what is formed by the gap between the putamen and globus pallidus

A

anterior limb of the internal capsule

46
Q

what controls the circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland in the epithalamus

47
Q

what does the thalamus create related to the 3rd ventricle

A

lateral wall

80% of population has interthalamic adhesion

48
Q

what forms the anterolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

49
Q

what forms the neurohypophysis

A

infundibulum and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

50
Q

what part of the basal nuclei is in the diencephalon

A

subthalamic nuclei

51
Q

how does the thalamus divide up

A

anterior, medial, and lateral compartments

further divided into different nuclei from there

52
Q

function of anterior thalamic nucleus

A

limbic system

53
Q

function of the ventral anterior/lateral nuclei

A

motor control

54
Q

function of the posterolateral nucleus

A

somatic sensory of the body

55
Q

function of the ventral posteromedial nucleus

A

somatic sensory of the head

56
Q

function of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual pathway

L for LIGHT

57
Q

function of medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory pathway

M for MUSIC

58
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A

center of ANS

bridge nervous system and endocrine (hybrid of pituitary)

defines life and death

regulates homeostasis

59
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control

A

in precentral gyrus M1

head and body motor functions via input from basal nuclei and cerebellar input

60
Q

function of premotor cortex

A

organizes and plans postural adjustments for skilled movement

strong input to and from basal nuclei

61
Q

function of the supplementary motor area of the motor association cortex

A

motor planning - praxis: L hemisphere lateralized

62
Q

what is apraxia

A

no purposeful/ordered movements which peripheral structures function normally

63
Q

function of brocas area

A

coordinating speech muscles

64
Q

parts of the motor association cortex

A

premotor cortex

supplementary motor area

Broca’s area

65
Q

how does the frontal lobe control the frontal eye field

A

coordinates eye movement: balances CN III/VI bilaterally, reflexes, etc

drives the eye to contralateral side

66
Q

irritative injury to the part of the frontal lobe that controls the frontal eye field results in what

A

gain of function

eye to normal side (non-injured)

caused by epilepsy or infection

67
Q

destructive injury to the part of the frontal lobe that controls the frontal eye field would result in what

A

loss of function

eye to the injured side

can’s shift to the contralateral side

caused by stroke

68
Q

what is the last maturing brain structure

A

L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

doesnt mature until mid 20s-30s

responsible for functional execution

69
Q

what does the orbitofrontal cortex control

A

personality

limbic system

70
Q

where are most efferent fibers of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex

A

most efferent fibers in internal capsule

71
Q

some functions of frontal lobe

A

Restraint - i.e. judgement, foresight, concentration

initiative - i.e. curiosity, drive, motivation, personality

order - i.e. abstract reasoning, planning, organization

72
Q

where is the primary somatic sensory cortex/describe the pathway

A

S1 postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

3 neuron pathway

73
Q

what is agnosia

A

lack of knowledge

probably with intact other sensory perception

74
Q

function of the association areas of the R parietal lobe

A

attention
emotional significance to events/language
music perception
complex visual spatial skills (spatial cognition)

75
Q

loss of function of the visual spatial skills of the R parietal lobe would result in what

A

L hemineglect syndrome

76
Q

function of the association areas of the L parietal lobe

A

praxis

motor function

injury = apraxia

77
Q

corticospinal tract has unique functions in what

A

motor control

78
Q

describe the pathway of the primary visual cortex

A

3 neuron pathway - retinotopy

1 - bipolar neuron in retina converge signals from receptors in eye

2 - ganglionic neuron; optic nerves exchange retina fibers at optic chiasm

3 - optic tract; synapse in lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

axons from lateral geniculate travel in optic radiations to occipital lobes

79
Q

describe the primary auditory cortex and its functions

A

4 neuron system - tonotopy

bilateral projections but unilateral ascending is enough to detect sound

initial area for language processing

decodes sound to meaningful words

localization of sound resources

80
Q

what are the integrative functions of the temoral lobe (cortices/association areas)

A

houses primary auditory cortex

association area for language

81
Q

describe the integration/lateralization of the neocortex/hemispheres in relation to language

A

lateralization and bilateral integration

L hemisphere in charge of language reception and expression

R hemisphere in charge of prosody (rhythm and sound) of language

82
Q

how are the L frontal and temporal lobes integrated/what is the purpose

A

integrated through arcuate fasciculus

connects wernickes area (Brodmann’s 22) and brocas area (Brodmann’s 44 and 45)

wernicke = language reception/comprehension
broca = language expression

83
Q

what is receptive/fluent aphasia and what areas of the brain are affected

A

cant understand but speak fluently and meaningless

wernickes area - 22, is affected; language perception

results in alexia = unable to read

84
Q

What is expressive/non-fluent aphasia

A

can understand but cant speak/write correctly

Broca’s area affected - 44 and 45; language expression

results in agraphia = unable to write

normal swallowing

85
Q

what is pericentral aphasia

A

like expressive/non-fluent aphasia but swallowing is affected

damage to M1

86
Q

what is conduction aphasia

A

dissociation of comprehension and expression

impairment of arcuate fasciculus

87
Q

what is global aphasia

A

loss of all language function

88
Q

what is alexia

A

unable to read

89
Q

what is agraphia

A

unable to write

90
Q
A

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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