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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 3: Forebrain- telencephalon and diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Forebrain- telencephalon and diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the boundary of the forebrain

A

brain structures above the line if mamillary body and posterior commissure

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2
Q

2 main components of the forebrain and their sub-components

A

telencephalon
-cerebral cortex
-deep nuclei (4 components of basal nuclei)
-amygdala
-hippocampus

diencephalon
-thalamic family
-1 component of basal nuclei (thalamus)

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3
Q

describe the cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

2-4 mm thick

define cognititve capacities

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4
Q

describe the neocortex

A

develops late

6 layers

most of the visible cerebral lobes

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5
Q

describe the allocortex

A

components are in the limbic lobe or limbic system

less than 6 layers

made up of paleocortex and archicortex

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6
Q

what is in the paleocortex

A

olfactory complex

amygdala

3-5 layers

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7
Q

what is the archicortex

A

contains hippocampus

only 3 layers

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8
Q

describe the cytoarchitecture (layers) of the neocortex

A

I = molecular; almost no neurons
II = external granular
III = external pyramidal layer
IV = internal granular layer
V = internal pyramidal layer
VI = multiform layer

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9
Q

which cortices are thicker vs thinner

A

motor = thicker/agranular

sensory = thinner/granular

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10
Q

what are the main types of neurons in the neocortex

A

pyramidal cells and interneurons

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11
Q

describe pyramidal cells

A

pyramid shaped somata

dendrites ascend to layer 1

vary in size

release glutamate/aspartate neurotransmitter : excitatory

larges = Betz cells in M1

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12
Q

interneurons process what type of info? What neurotransmitters do they use?

A

process afferent info

excitatory = glutamate/aspartate neurotransmitter

inhibitory = GABA (inhibit pyramidal cells?)

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13
Q

Number of Brodmann’s areas in each hemisphere

A

1~52

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14
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for M1

A

area 4

precentral gyrus

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15
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for S1

A

areas 3, 1, 2

postcentral gyrus

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16
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for V1

A

area 17

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17
Q

corresponding Brodmann’s area for A1

A

area 41

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18
Q

what is broca’s area

A

corresponds to Brodmann’s area 44, 45 in L hemisphere

important for language production

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19
Q

what is wernicke’s area

A

corresponds to Brodmann’s area 22 in L hemisphere

important for language comprehension

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20
Q

what are Brodmann’s areas 44, 45 and 22 important for in the R HEMISPHERE

A

corresponding areas to Broca’s and Wernicke’s

important for language prosody

inflection of voice/speech

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21
Q

what is a unimodal association cortex

A

adjacent to respective primary cortex (i.e. motor association is adj to M1)

location of memory to the associated primary cortex

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22
Q

what is a multimodal association cortex

A

bidirectional communication with sensory and motor association cortex

important for metacognition and integration

puts all functions together

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23
Q

what is the limbic cortex important for

A

drives emotions and memory

will discuss more in depth later

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24
Q

what is a minicolumn in the neocortex

A

50 micrometers diameter

100 neurons

basic functional unit

contains all 6 layers of the neocortex

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25
describe columnar integration of the neocortex
pyramidal cells at center modulated by other pyramidal cells, interneurons, and axonal bundles (communicating fibers)
26
difference between cortical interneurons and subcortical interneurons
cortical = localized subcortical = long distance
27
how do axonal bundles communicate in the neocortex
both vertically and transversely
28
what are the inner and outer bands of Baillarger
outer is from thalamus inner is to other CNS locations important role in columnar communication
29
communication role of layers I-III in the neocortex
fibers are mainly efferent (sending out) association fibers = in same hemisphere commissural fibers = between hemispheres (some commissural fibers in laters V and VI too)
30
communication role of layers IV-VI in the neocortex
projection fibers afferent from thalamus to cortex in LAYER IV afferent diffuse from subcortical projections to all laters with general modulating functions efferent from cortex to other subcortical CNS structures in LAYER V and VI
31
short vs long association fibers
short = arcuate loops that communicate with coordinating adjacent gyri long = connecting lobes of the same hemisphere/integrating gyri
32
what does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect
connects frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes
33
what does the arcuate fasciculus connect
frontal and temporal lobes broca and wernicke
34
what does the uncinate fasciculus connect
oribitofrontal lobe and temporal lobe (limbic system)
35
what does the cingulum connect
connects cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus (limbic system)
36
commisure fibers mainly connect what
homologous areas of 2 hemispheres
37
what does the anterior commissure connect
part of bilateral olfactory pathways and temporal lobes
38
what does the posterior commissure connect
part of bilateral visual pathways for pupillary reflex
39
axonal bundles bridge what structures
cerebral cortex and subcortical CNS structures
40
describe how sensory signals travel/are mediated
afferent fibers mostly mediated by thalamus except for olfactory somatic sensory pathways special/visceral sensory pathways
41
What pathways assist with coordination and planning
cortico-basal nuclei tract cortico-pontine tract (MOST OF THE EFFERENT FIBERS
42
describe the motor control pathways/axonal bundles for communication
corticobulbar/corticonuclear tract = EFFERENT fibers to brainstem corticospinal tract = EFFERENT fibers to spinal cord
43
describe how projection fibers funnel through the internal capsule
projection fibers entering/leaving cerebral cortex form tracts tracts pass between basal nuclei components and basal nuclei/thalamus projection fibers are organized topographically
44
Describe the basal nuclei in the telencephalon and their corresponding "tad pole" structures
head = putamen neck = nucleus accumbens body and tail = caudate medial to putamen = globus pallidus
45
what is formed by the gap between the putamen and globus pallidus
anterior limb of the internal capsule
46
what controls the circadian rhythm
pineal gland in the epithalamus
47
what does the thalamus create related to the 3rd ventricle
lateral wall 80% of population has interthalamic adhesion
48
what forms the anterolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
hypothalamus
49
what forms the neurohypophysis
infundibulum and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
50
what part of the basal nuclei is in the diencephalon
subthalamic nuclei
51
how does the thalamus divide up
anterior, medial, and lateral compartments further divided into different nuclei from there
52
function of anterior thalamic nucleus
limbic system
53
function of the ventral anterior/lateral nuclei
motor control
54
function of the posterolateral nucleus
somatic sensory of the body
55
function of the ventral posteromedial nucleus
somatic sensory of the head
56
function of the lateral geniculate nucleus
visual pathway L for LIGHT
57
function of medial geniculate nucleus
auditory pathway M for MUSIC
58
functions of the hypothalamus
center of ANS bridge nervous system and endocrine (hybrid of pituitary) defines life and death regulates homeostasis
59
what does the primary motor cortex control
in precentral gyrus M1 head and body motor functions via input from basal nuclei and cerebellar input
60
function of premotor cortex
organizes and plans postural adjustments for skilled movement strong input to and from basal nuclei
61
function of the supplementary motor area of the motor association cortex
motor planning - praxis: L hemisphere lateralized
62
what is apraxia
no purposeful/ordered movements which peripheral structures function normally
63
function of brocas area
coordinating speech muscles
64
parts of the motor association cortex
premotor cortex supplementary motor area Broca's area
65
how does the frontal lobe control the frontal eye field
coordinates eye movement: balances CN III/VI bilaterally, reflexes, etc drives the eye to contralateral side
66
irritative injury to the part of the frontal lobe that controls the frontal eye field results in what
gain of function eye to normal side (non-injured) caused by epilepsy or infection
67
destructive injury to the part of the frontal lobe that controls the frontal eye field would result in what
loss of function eye to the injured side can's shift to the contralateral side caused by stroke
68
what is the last maturing brain structure
L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex doesnt mature until mid 20s-30s responsible for functional execution
69
what does the orbitofrontal cortex control
personality limbic system
70
where are most efferent fibers of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex
most efferent fibers in internal capsule
71
some functions of frontal lobe
Restraint - i.e. judgement, foresight, concentration initiative - i.e. curiosity, drive, motivation, personality order - i.e. abstract reasoning, planning, organization
72
where is the primary somatic sensory cortex/describe the pathway
S1 postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe 3 neuron pathway
73
what is agnosia
lack of knowledge probably with intact other sensory perception
74
function of the association areas of the R parietal lobe
attention emotional significance to events/language music perception complex visual spatial skills (spatial cognition)
75
loss of function of the visual spatial skills of the R parietal lobe would result in what
L hemineglect syndrome
76
function of the association areas of the L parietal lobe
praxis motor function injury = apraxia
77
corticospinal tract has unique functions in what
motor control
78
describe the pathway of the primary visual cortex
3 neuron pathway - retinotopy 1 - bipolar neuron in retina converge signals from receptors in eye 2 - ganglionic neuron; optic nerves exchange retina fibers at optic chiasm 3 - optic tract; synapse in lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus axons from lateral geniculate travel in optic radiations to occipital lobes
79
describe the primary auditory cortex and its functions
4 neuron system - tonotopy bilateral projections but unilateral ascending is enough to detect sound initial area for language processing decodes sound to meaningful words localization of sound resources
80
what are the integrative functions of the temoral lobe (cortices/association areas)
houses primary auditory cortex association area for language
81
describe the integration/lateralization of the neocortex/hemispheres in relation to language
lateralization and bilateral integration L hemisphere in charge of language reception and expression R hemisphere in charge of prosody (rhythm and sound) of language
82
how are the L frontal and temporal lobes integrated/what is the purpose
integrated through arcuate fasciculus connects wernickes area (Brodmann's 22) and brocas area (Brodmann's 44 and 45) wernicke = language reception/comprehension broca = language expression
83
what is receptive/fluent aphasia and what areas of the brain are affected
cant understand but speak fluently and meaningless wernickes area - 22, is affected; language perception results in alexia = unable to read
84
What is expressive/non-fluent aphasia
can understand but cant speak/write correctly Broca's area affected - 44 and 45; language expression results in agraphia = unable to write normal swallowing
85
what is pericentral aphasia
like expressive/non-fluent aphasia but swallowing is affected damage to M1
86
what is conduction aphasia
dissociation of comprehension and expression impairment of arcuate fasciculus
87
what is global aphasia
loss of all language function
88
what is alexia
unable to read
89
what is agraphia
unable to write
90

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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