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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 10: Limbic System > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the limbic lobe

A

cortical structure with circular boundary

plus olfactory bulb

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2
Q

boundaries/components of limbic lobe of all sides

A

NO BOUNDARY WITH OCCIPITAL LOBE

cingulate gyrus = anterior/posterior portions

parahippocampal gyrus = entorhinal cortex

uncus: contains piriform cortex and primary olfactory cortex

Used to be called Rhinencephalon

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3
Q

what are the papez circuit and limbic system involved in

A

emotion

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4
Q

what is emotion

A

integrated physiological changes, behavioral reactions, and feelings

6 distinct, basic emotions

spectrum of arousal level with negative to positive valence

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5
Q

6 basic emotions

A

anger
sadness
happiness
fear
disgust
surprise

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6
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

anterolateral wall of 3rd ventricle

superior to optic chiasm

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7
Q

purpose/function of hypothalamus

A

initiation of drives

life and death - primitive on evolutionary path
- homeostasis/initiation of drives = individual survival
- reproduction = species survival
- bridging endocrine and nervous systems

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8
Q

function of lateral nucleus of hypothalamus

A

hunger center

increase appetite and food intake

L = Lentil soup

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9
Q

function of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

safety venter

decrease appetite and food intake

VM = Voluptuous Model

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10
Q

function of posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

heating center

increases body temp
decrease sweat
constricts blood vessels in skin
causes shivering

HP (hypothalmus posterior) = Hot Pot

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11
Q

functio of anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

cooling center

decrease body temp
produce sweat
dilates blood vessels in skin

Anterior = Air Conditioner

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12
Q

function of paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular = produces oxytocin
- stimulates uterus contractions
- stimulates milk secretion

supraoptic = produces vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone
- constricts blood vessels
- kidneys release more water
- result = increase in BP

SAD POX
- Supraoptic produces ADh
- Paraventricular produces OXytocin

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13
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

developed from diencephalon

SAD POX involved in mating, bonding, brain development

oxytocin = contraction of myometrium and breast smooth muscle

ADH = water absorption and increased BP

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14
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

developed from posterior oral cavity (rathke pouch)

receives hormones from hypophysial portal vein

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15
Q

what hormones are sent to adenohypophysis via hypophysial portal vein

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

growth hormone releasing hormone

growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

corticotropin releasing hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Prolactin releasing hormone

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16
Q

describe how the temperature regulation reflex works

A

intrinsic reflex

specialized temperature sensing neurons in the hypothalamus

depends on blood temp with a set point (normally 37 C)

heat dissipation via rostral hypothalamus

heat conservation/production via caudal hypothalamus

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17
Q

how do fevers or postmenopausal syndrome affect temp regulation by hypothalamus

A

fever = cytokines/bacterial endotoxin increase body temp set point

postmenopausal syndrome = irregular body temp set point

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18
Q

describe the water balance reflex

A

neurohumeral

specialized osmolarity sensing neurons in hypothalamus

depends on plasma osmolarity

increase ADH release if water levels too high, decrease release if too low

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19
Q

how do diabetes and alcoholism affect ADH levels

A

alcoholism blocks ADH release - too much urination

diabetes = not enough ADH released into blood

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20
Q

describe the baroreceptor reflex of the hypothalamus

A

extrinisc

afferent via CN IX (carotid sinus) and X (aortic arch)

efferent via CN X

effects = decrease HR and BP

hypothalamus CAN overwrite this reflex

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21
Q

projection of limbic system to medial frontal lobe controls what

A

regulating drives/emotion

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22
Q

projection of limbic system to cerebellum controls what

A

emotion/motor skill memory

integration of somatic and visceral motor

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23
Q

projection of limbic system to fornix (amygdala and hippocampus) control what

A

amygdala = emotion

hippocampus = declarative memory

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24
Q

projection of limbic system to thalamus controls what

A

coordination

25
Q

projection of limbic system to spinal cord/brain stem controls what

A

homeostasis and motor execution

26
Q

what is the major aversion center

A

amygdala

27
Q

location of amygdala

A

medial to inferior horn of lateral ventricle

lateral to optic tract

anteromedial to hippocampus

28
Q

what are the 3 clusters of nuclei for the amygdala

A

medial = olfactory tract

central = hypothalamus and brainstem

basolateral = different cortex region and sensory pathways

29
Q

describe the role of the amygdala in emotional LEARNING

A

fear conditioning through experience of direct stimuli OR

learned experience(i.e. videos, drawings, warnings) OR

other emotional learning such as reward based
PLUS

memory enhancing effects due to direct projection to hippocampus (improves encoding and prevents extinction)

30
Q

describe the fast track of the amygdala for emotional memory

A

incoming sensory info can affect amygdala

sensory signals to thalamus, project to amygdala, then initiate motor relfexes

Fast = 1st alert system, all sensory modalities

i.e. see a snake and jump away

31
Q

describe the cortico-amygdaloid/slow pathway

A

more information

analyze the situation

not the only 1 emotion center or pure fear

32
Q

what is the major reward center of the brain

A

nucleus accumbens (anterior and ventral to caudate and putamen - ventral striatum)

shell of NA = pleasure

core of NA = want/drive

33
Q

describe the reward seeking pathway of the brain

A

dopamine comes from the ventral tegmental area of mid brain

projects to nucleus accumbens

then goes to dorsal medial thalamic nuclei

then to medial/ventral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

34
Q

describe the aversion pathway from VTA

A

direct projections from ventral tegmental area to medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

35
Q

who is Henry Molaison (H.M.) and what is his significance

A

February 26, 1926 in Manchester CT

had severe seizures with B temporal lobectomy at 27 (1953)

involved removal of hippocampi, most of amygdala, and entorhinal cortex

partial management of seizure but memory was compromised

participated in memory research for 50+ years

died in 2008

longtime treatment with phenytoin for seizure resulted in cerebellar atrophy

36
Q

cells in dentate gyrus

A

granule cell

37
Q

what makes up hippocampus proper

A

cornu ammonis

pyramidal cells

38
Q

describe the anatomy of the hippocampus

A

C shaped (in cross section)

contains stem neuron cells - only in dentate gyrus; regenerate granule cell

39
Q

afferent/efferent signals to/from hippocampus

A

Afferent from entorhinal cortexm amygdala, and fornix

efferent to fornix and entorhinal cortex

40
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

no new memory formed

short period (concussion) or forever (like HM)

41
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

loss of old memory

generally only for short period (even HM only impaired past 11 years of memory)

2 types = temporal graded and flat gradient

42
Q

what is temoral graded amnesia

A

loss of more recent memory but intact with much older

43
Q

what is flat gradient amnesia

A

damage to midline diencephalic structure

all memories impaired with various degrees

44
Q

how does alzheimers disease memory loss progress

A

from temporal graded to flat gradient amnesia

45
Q

how does injury to the subventricular region affect memory

A

midline diencephalic structure fencing foil injury of NA

septal nuclei present; 2nd location having stem cells; only regenerate granule cells

damage = flat gradient amnesia

46
Q

what is korsakoff’s disease/psychosis

A

alcoholism abolished vitamin B1 and results in death of septal nuclei neurons

confabulation = anterograde amnesia with old memory mixed up as new

mainly anterograde but some retrograde amnesia can occur

47
Q

describe what it is meant by “dissociation of memory pathways”

A

pt can live normally but cannot form new memories (like HM)

pt can learn new motor skills but cannot explain why or remember practicing
- mirrored pathway tracing
- decreased errors until almost no errors
- implicit/nondeclarative memory involved

48
Q

what is working memory

A

retrieved limited dynamic memory to execute function

new info under encoding

49
Q

what brain regions are involved in declarative/explicit memory

A

hippocampus and medial diencephalon

50
Q

episodic memory

A

conscious recollection of personal experience about what/where/when something happened

51
Q

semantic memory

A

general world knowledge and facts

52
Q

2 sub categories of declarative/explicit memory

A

episodic and semantic

53
Q

what is non-declarative/procedural/implicit memory

A

motor skills

how to perform an activity subconsciously

54
Q

what areas of the brain are involved with nondeclarative/procedural/implicit memory

A

cerebellum
amygdala
basal nuclei
cerebrum

55
Q

what is encoding

A

short term memory

56
Q

what is involved with memory storage

A

consolidation or transformation to long term memory

57
Q

principles of storage of memory

A

1 = same association cortex where 1st time of experience and 2nd time of retrieval

episodic
- multimodal storage in diff cortex for 1 experience (vision/audition/smell/taste)
-during recall integration of diff cortical components by hippocampus

semantic
- anterior temporal lobe (amodal semantic region) or other association areas

2 = dissociation of memory
- unilateral cortical injury will demonstrate different types of amnesia

58
Q

what is involved with memory retrieval

A

recall vs recognition

59
Q
A

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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