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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 10: Limbic System > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the limbic lobe

A

cortical structure with circular boundary

plus olfactory bulb

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2
Q

boundaries/components of limbic lobe of all sides

A

NO BOUNDARY WITH OCCIPITAL LOBE

cingulate gyrus = anterior/posterior portions

parahippocampal gyrus = entorhinal cortex

uncus: contains piriform cortex and primary olfactory cortex

Used to be called Rhinencephalon

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3
Q

what are the papez circuit and limbic system involved in

A

emotion

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4
Q

what is emotion

A

integrated physiological changes, behavioral reactions, and feelings

6 distinct, basic emotions

spectrum of arousal level with negative to positive valence

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5
Q

6 basic emotions

A

anger
sadness
happiness
fear
disgust
surprise

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6
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

anterolateral wall of 3rd ventricle

superior to optic chiasm

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7
Q

purpose/function of hypothalamus

A

initiation of drives

life and death - primitive on evolutionary path
- homeostasis/initiation of drives = individual survival
- reproduction = species survival
- bridging endocrine and nervous systems

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8
Q

function of lateral nucleus of hypothalamus

A

hunger center

increase appetite and food intake

L = Lentil soup

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9
Q

function of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

safety venter

decrease appetite and food intake

VM = Voluptuous Model

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10
Q

function of posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

heating center

increases body temp
decrease sweat
constricts blood vessels in skin
causes shivering

HP (hypothalmus posterior) = Hot Pot

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11
Q

functio of anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

A

cooling center

decrease body temp
produce sweat
dilates blood vessels in skin

Anterior = Air Conditioner

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12
Q

function of paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular = produces oxytocin
- stimulates uterus contractions
- stimulates milk secretion

supraoptic = produces vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone
- constricts blood vessels
- kidneys release more water
- result = increase in BP

SAD POX
- Supraoptic produces ADh
- Paraventricular produces OXytocin

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13
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

developed from diencephalon

SAD POX involved in mating, bonding, brain development

oxytocin = contraction of myometrium and breast smooth muscle

ADH = water absorption and increased BP

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14
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

developed from posterior oral cavity (rathke pouch)

receives hormones from hypophysial portal vein

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15
Q

what hormones are sent to adenohypophysis via hypophysial portal vein

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

growth hormone releasing hormone

growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

corticotropin releasing hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Prolactin releasing hormone

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16
Q

describe how the temperature regulation reflex works

A

intrinsic reflex

specialized temperature sensing neurons in the hypothalamus

depends on blood temp with a set point (normally 37 C)

heat dissipation via rostral hypothalamus

heat conservation/production via caudal hypothalamus

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17
Q

how do fevers or postmenopausal syndrome affect temp regulation by hypothalamus

A

fever = cytokines/bacterial endotoxin increase body temp set point

postmenopausal syndrome = irregular body temp set point

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18
Q

describe the water balance reflex

A

neurohumeral

specialized osmolarity sensing neurons in hypothalamus

depends on plasma osmolarity

increase ADH release if water levels too high, decrease release if too low

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19
Q

how do diabetes and alcoholism affect ADH levels

A

alcoholism blocks ADH release - too much urination

diabetes = not enough ADH released into blood

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20
Q

describe the baroreceptor reflex of the hypothalamus

A

extrinisc

afferent via CN IX (carotid sinus) and X (aortic arch)

efferent via CN X

effects = decrease HR and BP

hypothalamus CAN overwrite this reflex

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21
Q

projection of limbic system to medial frontal lobe controls what

A

regulating drives/emotion

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22
Q

projection of limbic system to cerebellum controls what

A

emotion/motor skill memory

integration of somatic and visceral motor

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23
Q

projection of limbic system to fornix (amygdala and hippocampus) control what

A

amygdala = emotion

hippocampus = declarative memory

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24
Q

projection of limbic system to thalamus controls what

A

coordination

25
projection of limbic system to spinal cord/brain stem controls what
homeostasis and motor execution
26
what is the major aversion center
amygdala
27
location of amygdala
medial to inferior horn of lateral ventricle lateral to optic tract anteromedial to hippocampus
28
what are the 3 clusters of nuclei for the amygdala
medial = olfactory tract central = hypothalamus and brainstem basolateral = different cortex region and sensory pathways
29
describe the role of the amygdala in emotional LEARNING
fear conditioning through experience of direct stimuli OR learned experience(i.e. videos, drawings, warnings) OR other emotional learning such as reward based PLUS memory enhancing effects due to direct projection to hippocampus (improves encoding and prevents extinction)
30
describe the fast track of the amygdala for emotional memory
incoming sensory info can affect amygdala sensory signals to thalamus, project to amygdala, then initiate motor relfexes Fast = 1st alert system, all sensory modalities i.e. see a snake and jump away
31
describe the cortico-amygdaloid/slow pathway
more information analyze the situation not the only 1 emotion center or pure fear
32
what is the major reward center of the brain
nucleus accumbens (anterior and ventral to caudate and putamen - ventral striatum) shell of NA = pleasure core of NA = want/drive
33
describe the reward seeking pathway of the brain
dopamine comes from the ventral tegmental area of mid brain projects to nucleus accumbens then goes to dorsal medial thalamic nuclei then to medial/ventral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus
34
describe the aversion pathway from VTA
direct projections from ventral tegmental area to medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus
35
who is Henry Molaison (H.M.) and what is his significance
February 26, 1926 in Manchester CT had severe seizures with B temporal lobectomy at 27 (1953) involved removal of hippocampi, most of amygdala, and entorhinal cortex partial management of seizure but memory was compromised participated in memory research for 50+ years died in 2008 longtime treatment with phenytoin for seizure resulted in cerebellar atrophy
36
cells in dentate gyrus
granule cell
37
what makes up hippocampus proper
cornu ammonis pyramidal cells
38
describe the anatomy of the hippocampus
C shaped (in cross section) contains stem neuron cells - only in dentate gyrus; regenerate granule cell
39
afferent/efferent signals to/from hippocampus
Afferent from entorhinal cortexm amygdala, and fornix efferent to fornix and entorhinal cortex
40
what is anterograde amnesia
no new memory formed short period (concussion) or forever (like HM)
41
what is retrograde amnesia
loss of old memory generally only for short period (even HM only impaired past 11 years of memory) 2 types = temporal graded and flat gradient
42
what is temoral graded amnesia
loss of more recent memory but intact with much older
43
what is flat gradient amnesia
damage to midline diencephalic structure all memories impaired with various degrees
44
how does alzheimers disease memory loss progress
from temporal graded to flat gradient amnesia
45
how does injury to the subventricular region affect memory
midline diencephalic structure fencing foil injury of NA septal nuclei present; 2nd location having stem cells; only regenerate granule cells damage = flat gradient amnesia
46
what is korsakoff's disease/psychosis
alcoholism abolished vitamin B1 and results in death of septal nuclei neurons confabulation = anterograde amnesia with old memory mixed up as new mainly anterograde but some retrograde amnesia can occur
47
describe what it is meant by "dissociation of memory pathways"
pt can live normally but cannot form new memories (like HM) pt can learn new motor skills but cannot explain why or remember practicing - mirrored pathway tracing - decreased errors until almost no errors - implicit/nondeclarative memory involved
48
what is working memory
retrieved limited dynamic memory to execute function new info under encoding
49
what brain regions are involved in declarative/explicit memory
hippocampus and medial diencephalon
50
episodic memory
conscious recollection of personal experience about what/where/when something happened
51
semantic memory
general world knowledge and facts
52
2 sub categories of declarative/explicit memory
episodic and semantic
53
what is non-declarative/procedural/implicit memory
motor skills how to perform an activity subconsciously
54
what areas of the brain are involved with nondeclarative/procedural/implicit memory
cerebellum amygdala basal nuclei cerebrum
55
what is encoding
short term memory
56
what is involved with memory storage
consolidation or transformation to long term memory
57
principles of storage of memory
1 = same association cortex where 1st time of experience and 2nd time of retrieval episodic - multimodal storage in diff cortex for 1 experience (vision/audition/smell/taste) -during recall integration of diff cortical components by hippocampus semantic - anterior temporal lobe (amodal semantic region) or other association areas 2 = dissociation of memory - unilateral cortical injury will demonstrate different types of amnesia
58
what is involved with memory retrieval
recall vs recognition
59

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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